I have commanded my consecrated ones; yes, I have called my mighty men for my anger, even my proudly exulting ones. The noise of a multitude is in the mountains, as of a great people; the noise of an uproar of the kingdoms of the nations gathered together! Yahweh of Armies is mustering the army for the battle. They come from a far country, from the uttermost part of heaven, even Yahweh, and the weapons of his indignation, to destroy the whole land.
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Isaiah 13:3-5 sits inside this longer paragraph.
Set up a banner on the bare mountain! Lift up your voice to them! Wave your hand, that they may go into the gates of the nobles. I have commanded my consecrated ones; yes, I have called my mighty men for my anger, even my proudly exulting ones. The noise of a multitude is in the mountains, as of a great people; the noise of an uproar of the kingdoms of the nations gathered together! Yahweh of Armies is mustering the army for the battle. They come from a far country, from the uttermost part of heaven, even Yahweh, and the weapons of his indignation, to destroy the whole land.
Parallel Translations
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I have commanded my consecrated ones; yes, I have called my mighty men for my anger, even my proudly exulting ones.
The noise of a multitude is in the mountains, as of a great people; the noise of an uproar of the kingdoms of the nations gathered together! Yahweh of Armies is mustering the army for the battle.
They come from a far country, from the uttermost part of heaven, even Yahweh, and the weapons of his indignation, to destroy the whole land.
-
I have commanded my sanctified ones, I have also called my mighty ones for mine anger, even them that rejoice in my highness.
The noise of a multitude in the mountains, like as of a great people; a tumultuous noise of the kingdoms of nations gathered together: the LORD of hosts mustereth the host of the battle.
They come from a far country, from the end of heaven, even the LORD, and the weapons of his indignation, to destroy the whole land.
Show all 3 translations
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I have commanded My consecrated ones, yea, I have called My mighty ones for mine anger, even My proudly exulting ones.
Hark, a tumult in the mountains, like as of a great people! Hark, the uproar of the kingdoms of the nations gathered together! The LORD of hosts mustereth the host of the battle.
They come from a far country, from the end of heaven, even the LORD, and the weapons of His indignation, to destroy the whole earth.
Cross-references (39)
- Joel 3:14 (v4) Multitudes, multitudes in the valley of decision! For the day of Yahweh is near, in the valley of decision.
- Joel 3:11 (v3) Hurry and come, all you surrounding nations, and gather yourselves together.” Cause your mighty ones to come down there, Yahweh.
- Jeremiah 50:9 (v5) For, behold, I will stir up and cause to come up against Babylon a company of great nations from the north country; and they will set…
- Jeremiah 51:20-24 (v3) “You are my battle ax and weapons of war. With you I will break the nations into pieces. With you I will destroy kingdoms. With you I will…
- Jeremiah 51:20-46 (v5) “You are my battle ax and weapons of war. With you I will break the nations into pieces. With you I will destroy kingdoms. With you I will…
Show all 38 cross-references
- Ezekiel 38:3-23 (v4) and say, ‘The Lord Yahweh says: “Behold, I am against you, Gog, prince of Rosh, Meshech, and Tubal. I will turn you around, and put hooks…
- Joel 2:1-11 (v4) Blow the trumpet in Zion, and sound an alarm in my holy mountain! Let all the inhabitants of the land tremble, for the day of Yahweh comes,…
- Joel 2:25 (v4) I will restore to you the years that the swarming locust has eaten, the great locust, the grasshopper, and the caterpillar, my great army,…
- Matthew 24:31 (v5) He will send out his angels with a great sound of a trumpet, and they will gather together his chosen ones from the four winds, from one…
- Revelation 17:12-18 (v3) The ten horns that you saw are ten kings who have received no kingdom as yet, but they receive authority as kings with the beast for one…
- Revelation 19:11-21 (v4) I saw the heaven opened, and behold, a white horse, and he who sat on it is called Faithful and True. In righteousness he judges and makes…
- Jeremiah 50:21-46 (vv3–4) “Go up against the land of Merathaim, even against it, and against the inhabitants of Pekod. Kill and utterly destroy after them,” says…
- Ezra 1:1-11 (v3) Now in the first year of Cyrus king of Persia, that Yahweh’s word by Jeremiah’s mouth might be accomplished, Yahweh stirred up the spirit…
- Ezra 6:1-22 (v3) Then Darius the king made a decree, and the house of the archives, where the treasures were laid up in Babylon, was searched. A scroll was…
- Ezra 7:12-26 (v3) Artaxerxes, king of kings, To Ezra the priest, the scribe of the law of the perfect God of heaven. Now I make a decree, that all those of…
- Psalms 149:2 (v3) Let Israel rejoice in him who made them. Let the children of Zion be joyful in their King.
- Psalms 149:5-9 (v3) Let the saints rejoice in honor. Let them sing for joy on their beds. May the high praises of God be in their mouths, and a two-edged sword…
- Isaiah 5:26 (v5) He will lift up a banner to the nations from far away, and he will whistle for them from the end of the earth. Behold, they will come…
- Isaiah 10:5-6 (v4) Alas Assyrian, the rod of my anger, the staff in whose hand is my indignation! I will send him against a profane nation, and against the…
- Isaiah 13:17 (v5) Behold, I will stir up the Medes against them, who will not value silver, and as for gold, they will not delight in it.
- Isaiah 22:1-9 (v4) The burden of the valley of vision. What ails you now, that you have all gone up to the housetops? You that are full of shouting, a…
- Isaiah 23:11 (v3) He has stretched out his hand over the sea. He has shaken the kingdoms. Yahweh has ordered the destruction of Canaan’s strongholds.
- Isaiah 24:1 (v5) Behold, Yahweh makes the earth empty, makes it waste, turns it upside down, and scatters its inhabitants.
- Isaiah 44:27-28 (v3) who says to the deep, ‘Be dry,’ and ‘I will dry up your rivers;’ Who says of Cyrus, ‘He is my shepherd, and shall perform all my pleasure,’…
- Isaiah 45:1-2 (v4) Yahweh says to his anointed, to Cyrus, whose right hand I have held, to subdue nations before him, and strip kings of their armor; to open…
- Isaiah 45:4-5 (v3) For Jacob my servant’s sake, and Israel my chosen, I have called you by your name. I have given you a title, though you have not known me.…
- Jeremiah 50:2-3 (v4) “Declare among the nations and publish, and set up a standard; publish, and don’t conceal: say, ‘Babylon has been taken, Bel is…
- Jeremiah 50:3 (v5) For a nation comes up out of the north against her, which will make her land desolate, and no one will dwell in it. They have fled. They…
- Jeremiah 50:14-15 (v4) Set yourselves in array against Babylon all around, all you who bend the bow; shoot at her. Spare no arrows; for she has sinned against…
- Jeremiah 51:6-25 (v4) “Flee out of the middle of Babylon! Everyone save his own life! Don’t be cut off in her iniquity; for it is the time of Yahweh’s vengeance.…
- Jeremiah 51:11 (v5) “Make the arrows sharp! Hold the shields firmly! Yahweh has stirred up the spirit of the kings of the Medes, because his purpose is against…
- Jeremiah 51:27-28 (v4) “Set up a standard in the land! Blow the trumpet among the nations! Prepare the nations against her! Call together against her the kingdoms…
- Zechariah 14:1-3 (v4) Behold, a day of Yahweh comes, when your plunder will be divided within you. For I will gather all nations against Jerusalem to battle; and…
- Zechariah 14:13-14 (v4) It will happen in that day, that a great panic from Yahweh will be among them; and they will each hold onto the hand of his neighbor, and…
- Revelation 9:7-19 (v4) The shapes of the locusts were like horses prepared for war. On their heads were something like golden crowns, and their faces were like…
- Revelation 18:8 (v4) Therefore in one day her plagues will come: death, mourning, and famine; and she will be utterly burned with fire; for the Lord God who has…
- Revelation 18:20–19:7 (v3) “Rejoice over her, O heaven, you saints, apostles, and prophets; for God has judged your judgment on her.” A mighty angel took up a stone…
- Revelation 18:4-8 (v3) I heard another voice from heaven, saying, “Come out of her, my people, that you have no participation in her sins, and that you don’t…
38 distinct cross-references across this passage (39 total citations).
Cross-references from openbible.info (CC BY 4.0)
Explain this passage (16 sources)
Historical commentary, presented as a primary source — not an endorsement.
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Geneva Bible translators 1599 · Public Domain On vv3, 5 That is, prepared and appointed to execute my judgments.
That is, prepared and appointed to execute my judgments.
Which willingly go about to the work whereunto I appoint them, but how the wicked do this, read Isa. 10:6.
Geneva Bible (1599) marginal notes — public domain.
John Trapp 1656 · Public Domain On vv3–5 Isa 13:3 I have commanded my sanctified ones, I…
Isa 13:3 I have commanded my sanctified ones, I have also called my mighty ones for mine anger, [even] them that rejoice in my highness.
Ver. 3. I have commanded my sanctified ones,] i.e., I have by my secret instinct stirred up and set on my Medes and Persians, {Isa 13:17} whom in my decree I have set apart for this holy work of executing vengeance on the Babylonians.
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I have also called my mighties.] My heroes, armed with my might.
Even them that rejoice in my highness.] Heb., Exultantes superbiae meos; my brave soldiers, whom I render victorious and triumphant.
John Trapp, A Commentary or Exposition upon All the Books of the Old and New Testament (1647–1656) — public domain. Text from a community e-Sword module.
Matthew Poole 1685 · Public Domain On vv3–5 My sanctified ones; the Medes and Persians, fitly so…
My sanctified ones; the Medes and Persians, fitly so called, because they were solemnly designed and set apart by God for his own service, and for this holy work of executing his just vengeance upon them.
My mighty ones; those whom I have made mighty for this work.
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In my highness; or, as others render it, in my glory, materially considered, to wit, in the doing of that work which tends much to the advancement of my glory, in destroying of the Babylonian empire. For otherwise the Medes had no regard to God nor to his glory, but only to their own carnal ends.
Matthew Poole's English Annotations on the Holy Bible (1683–1685) — public domain. Text from a community e-Sword/MySword module.
John Gill 1763 · Public Domain On vv3–5 I have commanded my sanctified ones,.... The Medes and…
I have commanded my sanctified ones,.... The Medes and Persians, so called, not because sanctified by the Spirit of God, or made holy persons, through the regenerating and renewing grace of God, or purified by the blood of Christ, and prepared for glory; but because they were set apart in the mind and counsel of God for a special work and service, and were qualified by him with courage and strength to perform it, and therefore said to be his; and this command that was given them was not by a voice from heaven, or in a message by one of his prophets; but by a secret instinct, and, by the power of his providence, stirring them up to engage in such an enterprise (z).
I have also called my mighty ones; meaning Cyrus and Darius, and the officers of their armies, with the common soldiers, who were furnished with might and strength to do his will, to which they were called in his providence:
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for mine anger; to execute his wrath upon the Babylonians; so the Targum,
"that they may avenge my wrath upon them:''
or, "in mine anger"; which being stirred up, put him upon calling those mighty ones to his service, and fitting them for it: literally it is, "to my nose" (a); to be before him, to be at his beck and will, and to minister his wrath and vengeance:
even them that rejoice in my highness; in doing that which tended to the exaltation and glory of God; they went cheerfully about the work, and exulted and triumphed in their success: or, "that rejoice my highness" (b); make me glad, because I am glorified by them. So seven angels, the Lord's holy and mighty ones, will be employed in pouring out the vials of his wrath on mystical Babylon, Rev 15:1.
(z) Vid. T. Bab. Beracot, fol. 8. 2. & Gloss. in ib. (a) "in ira mea", Vatablus; "ad iram meam", Junius & Tremellius, Piscator; "in naso meo", Montanus. (b) "exultantis celsitudinis meae", Montanus.
John Gill's Exposition of the Whole Bible (1746–1763) — public domain (CC PDM 1.0). Text via the HelloAO Bible API.
John Wesley 1765 · Public Domain On vv3–5 Sanctified ones - The Medes and Persians, so called,…
Sanctified ones - The Medes and Persians, so called, because they were set apart by God, for this holy work of executing his just vengeance. Mighty ones - Those whom I have made mighty for this work. Highness - Or, as others render it, in my glory, in the doing of that work which tends to the advancement of my glory. Tho' the Medes had no regard to God, but only to their own ends.
John Wesley, Explanatory Notes Upon the Whole Bible (1754–1765) — public domain. Text via the GEBible commentary corpus.
Adam Clarke 1810 · Public Domain On vv3–5 Verse 3. I have commanded my sanctified ones] מקדשי…
Verse 3. I have commanded my sanctified ones] מקדשי mekuddashai, the persons consecrated to this very purpose. Nothing can be plainer than that the verb כדש kadash, "to make holy," signifies also to consecrate or appoint to a particular purpose. Bishop Lowth translates, "my enrolled warriors." This is the sense.
Adam Clarke's Commentary on the Bible (1810–1826) — public domain. Text from a community e-Sword/MySword module.
Joseph Benson 1811 · Public Domain On v4 Isa 13:4-5. The noise of a multitude in the…
Isa 13:4-5. The noise of a multitude in the mountains — No sooner had the Almighty given the command, than the multitude assembles to his banners; like as a great people — Not rude and barbarous; but well- disciplined, regular, and veteran troops, such as are wont to be furnished by a great and powerful people; of the kingdoms of nations — Cyrus’s army was made up of different nations besides the Medes and Persians. The Lord of hosts — The God of armies; mustereth the host of the battle — He raises the soldiers, brings them together, puts them in order, reviews them, keeps an exact account of them, sees that they be all in their respective posts, and gives them their necessary orders. The expressions are noble, and contain a lively description of that terror which the appearance of a hostile army strikes into the beholders. They come from a far country — Many of Cyrus’s auxiliary forces came from very distant countries: see Jer 50:41; Jer 51:27-28. The prophet adds this as an aggravation of the judgment. From the end of heaven — This is not to be understood strictly and properly, but popularly and hyperbolically, as such expressions are commonly used, both in sacred and profane authors. Even the Lord, and the weapons of his indignation — The Medes and Persians, who were but a rod in God’s hand, and the instruments of his anger, as was said of the Assyrian, Isa 10:5. To destroy the whole land — Namely, of Babylon, of which he is now speaking.
Joseph Benson's Commentary on the Old and New Testaments (1811–1818) — public domain. Text from a community e-Sword module.
Albert Barnes 1834 · Public Domain On vv3–5 I have commanded - This is the language of…
I have commanded - This is the language of God in reference to those who were about to destroy Babylon. “He” claimed the control and direction of all their movements; and though the command was not understood by “them” as coming from him, yet it was by his direction, and in accordance with his plan (compare the notes at Isa 10:7; Isa 45:5-6). The “command” was not given by the prophets, or by an audible voice; but it was his secret purpose and direction that led them to this enterprise.
My sanctified ones - The Medes and Persians; not called ‘sanctified because they were holy, but because they were set apart by the divine intention and purpose to accomplish this. The word ‘sanctify’ (קדשׁ qâdash) often means “to set apart” - either to God; to an office; to any sacred use; or to any purpose of religion, or of accomplishing any of the divine plans. Thus, it means to dedicate one to the office of priest Exo 28:41; to set apart or dedicate an altar Exo 39:36; to dedicate a people Exo 19:10-14; to appoint, or institute a fast Joe 1:14; Joe 2:15; to sanctify a war Joe 3:9, that is, to prepare one’s-self for it, or make it ready. Here it means, that the Medes and Persians were set apart, in the purpose of God, to accomplish his designs in regard to Babylon (compare the note at Isa 10:5-6).
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My mighty ones - Those who are strong; and who are so entirely under my direction, that they may be called mine.
For mine anger - To accomplish the purposes of my anger against Babylon.
Even them that rejoice in my highness - It cannot be supposed that the Medes and Persians really exulted, or rejoiced in God or in his plans, for it is evident that, like Sennacherib Isa. 10, they were seeking to accomplish their own purposes, and were not solicitous about the plans of God (compare the note at Isa 47:6). The word rendered ‘my highness’ (גאותי ga'ăvāthı̂y) means, properly, “my majesty,” or “glory.” When applied to people, as it often is, it means pride or arrogance. It means here, the high and exalted plan of God in regard to Babylon. It was a mighty undertaking; and one in which the power, the justice, and the dominion of God over nations would be evinced. In accomplishing this, the Medes and Persians would rejoice or exult, not as the fulfilling of the plan of God; but they would exult as if it were their own plan, though it would be really the glorious plan of God. Wicked people often exult in their success; they glory in the execution of their purposes; but they are really accomplishing the plans of God, and executing his great designs.
Albert Barnes' Notes on the Bible (1834–1885) — public domain. Text from a community e-Sword/MySword module.
Haydock's Catholic Bible Commentary 1859 · Public Domain On vv3–5 Sanctioned. The Medes and Persians were appointed by God…
Sanctioned. The Medes and Persians were appointed by God to punish Babylon. (Worthington)
George Leo Haydock (1774–1849), Haydock's Catholic Family Bible and Commentary, 1859 edition — public domain. Excludes Psalms (Douay-Rheims chapter numbering differs from Protestant) and Deuterocanonical books (Catholic canon only).
Robert Jamieson, A. R. Fausset & David Brown 1871 · Public Domain On vv3–5 sanctified ones--the Median and Persian soldiers solemnly set apart…
sanctified ones--the Median and Persian soldiers solemnly set apart by Me for the destruction of Babylon, not inwardly "sanctified," but designated to fulfil God's holy purpose (Jer 51:27-28; Joe 3:9, Joe 3:11; where the Hebrew for prepare war is "sanctify" war).
for mine anger--to execute it.
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rejoice in my highness--"Those who are made to triumph for My honor" [HORSLEY]. The heathen Medes could not be said to "rejoice in God's highness" MAURER translates, "My haughtily exulting ones" (Zep 3:11); a special characteristic of the Persians [HERODOTUS,1.88]. They rejoiced in their own highness, but it was His that they were unconsciously glorifying.
Jamieson, Fausset & Brown — Commentary Critical and Explanatory on the Whole Bible (1871) — public domain (CC PDM 1.0). Text via the HelloAO Bible API.
Daniel D. Whedon 1874 · Public Domain On vv3–5 3. My sanctified ones — Not inwardly and consciously…
3. My sanctified ones — Not inwardly and consciously belonging to God as designated for this work, but in God’s order actually but unconsciously executing divine retribution on the Babylonian power. See Joe_3:9-10; Jer_22:7. The Persians destroyed idolatry. They were morally much in advance of the highest civilized powers in Mesopotamia. And it is quite probable, that at this conquest of Babylon, and their settlement over that country, the great moral recoil against idolatry was made complete among the exiled Jews.
Daniel D. Whedon (gen. ed.), Commentary on the Old and New Testaments (1874–1909) — public domain. Text from a community e-Sword module.
The Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges 1878 · Public Domain On vv3–5 3. Jehovah speaks.
3. Jehovah speaks.
my sanctified (or consecrated) ones] In ancient times a campaign was inaugurated with religious ceremonies (1Sa_13:9; Jer_22:7; Jer_51:28 [R.V. marg.]) and each warrior was a consecrated man (1Sa_21:5).
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them that rejoice in my highness] Translate as in R.V. my proudly exulting ones, Zep_3:11.
The Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges (gen. ed. J. J. S. Perowne; Cambridge University Press, 1878–1918) — public domain. Text from a community e-Sword module.
Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers 1878 · Public Domain On vv3–5 (3) I have commanded my sanctified ones . .…
(3) I have commanded my sanctified ones . . .—The word is applied even to the fierce tribes of the future destroyers, as being appointed, or consecrated, by Jehovah for that special work. The thought and the words (there translated “prepare”) appear in Jer_6:4; Jer_22:7; Jer_51:27. So in the later prophecies Cyrus appears as “the anointed” of the Lord (Isa_45:1).
Even them that rejoice in my highness.—In Zep_3:11 the same phrase occurs in a bad sense. Here, apparently, it denotes the proud consciousness of the invaders that they are doing God’s work.
A Bible Commentary for English Readers, edited by Charles John Ellicott (1878–1897) — public domain. Text from a community e-Sword module.
The Pulpit Commentary 1880 · Public Domain On vv3–5 I have commanded my sanctified ones. The pronoun "I"…
I have commanded my sanctified ones. The pronoun "I" is emphatic myself." Not only will an external summons go forth, but God will lay his own orders on them whom he chooses for his instruments, and bid them come to the muster. All who carry out his purposes are, in a certain sense, "sanctified ones". (comp. Jer_22:7 Jer_51:27 Zep_1:7, etc.) Here the Modes and Persians are specially in. tended (see ver. 17). For mine anger; i.e. "for the purpose of executing my anger." Even them that rejoice in my highness; rather, my proudly exultant ones (Cheyne, Rosenm Gesenius). Aeschylus calls the Persians uperkompouv ("Persae," 1. 827); Herodotus, ubristav (1. 41). The high spirits, however, natural to gallant soldiers on going out to war, rather than any special haughtiness or arrogancy, are intended.
HOMILIES BY R. TUCK Ver. 3. The Lord"s sanctified ones.
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This term is used of an army, regarded as being consecrated by the sacrifices which were offered at the beginning of the campaign. (comp. 2Sa_13:9) The assertion made by the prophet is that the Persian army was not really consecrated to Ahura-Mazda, but to Jehovah. Whatever might seem to be the bet, the fact really was that the Persians would fulfill Jehovah"s will and carry out Jehovah"s judgments, A "sanctified one" is, properly, one separated from self-interests and from other people"s concerns, in order that he might carry out God"s will. "Set apart by the purposes and providence of God, disengaged from other projects, that they might wholly apply themselves to something God would have clone: such as were qualified for that to which they were called, for what God employs men in, he does in some measure fit them for." We learn from this expression, and its connection, that we too may be set apart for God, we may be the Lord"s sanctified ones; and yet, on the one hand, the fact may be unrecognized, or, on the other, the fact may bring to us impulse and honor and the unspeakable joy of service.
I SET APART FOR GOD WITHOUT OUR KNOWING IT. As of Cyrus, the Lord"s anointed, it is said, "I girded thee, though thou hast not known me." But in this ease there can be no proper rewards, since the will of the man is not in harmony with the Divine will. God may use his creature man, just as he uses clouds and winds and waves, to fulfill his purposes, and there is no more to be said about it. We are the Lord"s tools, his rod, his staff. Willingly or unwillingly man must do the Lord"s bidding.
II SET APART FOR GOD WITH OUR OWN GLAD CONSENT. Then we come into the position of willing, loving servants; and then there can be rewards which take three forms. Such willingly sanctified ones
(1) are honored with yet further and higher trusts;
(2) are personally cultured by the doing of their life-work under such conditions; and
(3) are sure to receive, now in their hearts, and by-and-by in some open manner, the Master"s "Well done, good and faithful servants," the smile and the word of gracious approval. And such rewards are altogether independent of the particular character of the work for which we are set apart. It may be most trying and painful work, even work of judgment or retribution. No matter; the Divine recognition is ever of willingness and faithfulness. God rewards the true man, not the particular form the man"s service must take. R.T.
The Pulpit Commentary (1880–1919), ed. H.D.M. Spence-Jones & Joseph S. Exell — public domain. Text from a community e-Sword module.
unfoldingWord translationNotes 2017 · CC BY-SA 4.0 On v4 The noise of a multitude in the mountains, as…
The noise of a multitude in the mountains, as of many people
The words "there is" are understood. The phrases "multitude" and "many people" mean the same thing. AT: "There is the noise of many people in the mountains" or "There is the noise of a great crowd of people in the mountains" (See: Ellipsis)
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The noise of a tumult of the kingdoms like many nations gathered together
The words "there is" are understood. The words "kingdoms" and "nations" here refer to the same thing. AT: "There is the noisy commotion of many kingdoms gathered together" (See: Ellipsis)
is mustering
"is gathering"
from way over the horizon
"from places far beyond the horizon" or "from very distant places"
his instruments of judgment
The soldiers that God is sending to attack Babylon are spoken of as if they were weapons. "Judgment" represents punishment because God has judged Babylon. AT: "the army that he will use to punish Babylon" (See: Metaphor and Metonymy)
translationWords
people group
kingdom
nation
Yahweh of hosts
judge
unfoldingWord translationNotes — © Distant Shores Media and the Door43 World Missions Community, licensed CC BY-SA 4.0. Source: git.door43.org/Door43/en_tn.
Tyndale Open Study Notes 2022 · CC BY-SA 4.0 On v5 13:5 Just as Assyria was the rod of his…
13:5 Just as Assyria was the rod of his anger (9:4; 10:5, 15), other nations serve as the Lord’s weapons and carry out his will. The Medes and Persians conquered Babylon in 539 BC. • God’s wrath is an expression of his justice as well as his intent to restore order to the world by obliterating evildoers (10:25-26; see Lam 2:22; Ezek 7:19).
Tyndale Open Study Notes — © Tyndale Open Resources, licensed CC BY-SA 4.0. Text via the HelloAO Bible API.