The children of Israel lived among the Canaanites, the Hittites, the Amorites, the Perizzites, the Hivites, and the Jebusites. They took their daughters to be their wives, and gave their own daughters to their sons and served their gods. The children of Israel did that which was evil in Yahweh’s sight, and forgot Yahweh their God, and served the Baals and the Asheroth.
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Judges 3:5-7 sits inside this longer paragraph.
Now these are the nations which Yahweh left, to test Israel by them, even as many as had not known all the wars of Canaan; only that the generations of the children of Israel might know, to teach them war, at least those who knew nothing of it before: the five lords of the Philistines, all the Canaanites, the Sidonians, and the Hivites who lived on Mount Lebanon, from Mount Baal Hermon to the entrance of Hamath. They were left to test Israel by them, to know whether they would listen to Yahweh’s commandments, which he commanded their fathers by Moses. The children of Israel lived among the Canaanites, the Hittites, the Amorites, the Perizzites, the Hivites, and the Jebusites. They took their daughters to be their wives, and gave their own daughters to their sons and served their gods. The children of Israel did that which was evil in Yahweh’s sight, and forgot Yahweh their God, and served the Baals and the Asheroth. Therefore Yahweh’s anger burned against Israel, and he sold them into the hand of Cushan Rishathaim king of Mesopotamia; and the children of Israel served Cushan Rishathaim eight years. When the children of Israel cried to Yahweh, Yahweh raised up a savior to the children of Israel, who saved them, even Othniel the son of Kenaz, Caleb’s younger brother. Yahweh’s Spirit came on him, and he judged Israel; and he went out to war, and Yahweh delivered Cushan Rishathaim king of Mesopotamia into his hand. His hand prevailed against Cushan Rishathaim. The land had rest forty years, then Othniel the son of Kenaz died.
Parallel Translations
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The children of Israel lived among the Canaanites, the Hittites, the Amorites, the Perizzites, the Hivites, and the Jebusites.
They took their daughters to be their wives, and gave their own daughters to their sons and served their gods.
The children of Israel did that which was evil in Yahweh’s sight, and forgot Yahweh their God, and served the Baals and the Asheroth.
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And the children of Israel dwelt among the Canaanites, Hittites, and Amorites, and Perizzites, and Hivites, and Jebusites:
And they took their daughters to be their wives, and gave their daughters to their sons, and served their gods.
And the children of Israel did evil in the sight of the LORD, and forgat the LORD their God, and served Baalim and the groves.
Show all 3 translations
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And the children of Israel dwelt among the Canaanites, the Hittites, and the Amorites, and the Perizzites, and the Hivites, and the Jebusites;
and they took their daughters to be their wives, and gave their own daughters to their sons, and served their gods.
And the children of Israel did that which was evil in the sight of the LORD, and forgot the LORD their God, and served the Baalim and the Asheroth.
Examined in Scripture Analysis
Contradictions (1)
Questions where the Bible appears to say two different things, with the passages on each side set together.
Cross-references (31)
- Exodus 34:16 (v6) and you take of their daughters to your sons, and their daughters play the prostitute after their gods, and make your sons play the…
- Exodus 34:13 (v7) but you shall break down their altars, and dash in pieces their pillars, and you shall cut down their Asherah poles;
- Deuteronomy 7:3-4 (v6) You shall not make marriages with them. You shall not give your daughter to his son, nor shall you take his daughter for your son. For that…
- Psalms 106:34-38 (v5) They didn’t destroy the peoples, as Yahweh commanded them, but mixed themselves with the nations, and learned their works. They served…
- Genesis 10:15-18 (v5) Canaan became the father of Sidon (his firstborn), Heth, the Jebusites, the Amorites, the Girgashites, the Hivites, the Arkites, the…
Show all 31 cross-references
- Exodus 3:8 (v5) I have come down to deliver them out of the hand of the Egyptians, and to bring them up out of that land to a good and large land, to a…
- Exodus 3:17 (v5) I have said, I will bring you up out of the affliction of Egypt to the land of the Canaanite, the Hittite, the Amorite, the Perizzite, the…
- Deuteronomy 4:9 (v7) Only be careful, and keep your soul diligently, lest you forget the things which your eyes saw, and lest they depart from your heart all…
- 1 Kings 11:1-5 (v6) Now king Solomon loved many foreign women, together with the daughter of Pharaoh, women of the Moabites, Ammonites, Edomites, Sidonians,…
- 2 Kings 23:6 (v7) He brought out the Asherah from Yahweh’s house, outside of Jerusalem, to the brook Kidron, and burned it at the brook Kidron, and beat it…
- Genesis 15:19-21 (v5) the land of the Kenites, the Kenizzites, the Kadmonites, the Hittites, the Perizzites, the Rephaim, the Amorites, the Canaanites, the…
- Deuteronomy 7:1 (v5) When Yahweh your God brings you into the land where you go to possess it, and casts out many nations before you—the Hittite, the…
- Deuteronomy 16:21 (v7) You shall not plant for yourselves an Asherah of any kind of tree beside Yahweh your God’s altar, which you shall make for yourselves.
- Joshua 9:1 (v5) When all the kings who were beyond the Jordan, in the hill country, and in the lowland, and on all the shore of the great sea in front of…
- Judges 1:29-32 (v5) Ephraim didn’t drive out the Canaanites who lived in Gezer, but the Canaanites lived in Gezer among them. Zebulun didn’t drive out the…
- Judges 2:11-13 (v7) The children of Israel did that which was evil in Yahweh’s sight, and served the Baals. They abandoned Yahweh, the God of their fathers,…
- Judges 3:12 (v7) The children of Israel again did that which was evil in Yahweh’s sight, and Yahweh strengthened Eglon the king of Moab against Israel,…
- Judges 6:25 (v7) That same night, Yahweh said to him, “Take your father’s bull, even the second bull seven years old, and throw down the altar of Baal that…
- 1 Kings 16:33 (v7) Ahab made the Asherah; and Ahab did more yet to provoke Yahweh, the God of Israel, to anger than all the kings of Israel who were before…
- 1 Kings 18:19 (v7) Now therefore send, and gather to me all Israel to Mount Carmel, and four hundred fifty of the prophets of Baal, and four hundred of the…
- 2 Kings 23:14 (v7) He broke in pieces the pillars, cut down the Asherah poles, and filled their places with men’s bones.
- 2 Chronicles 15:16 (v7) Also Maacah, the mother of Asa the king, he removed from being queen, because she had made an abominable image for an Asherah; so Asa cut…
- 2 Chronicles 24:18 (v7) They abandoned the house of Yahweh, the God of their fathers, and served the Asherah poles and the idols, so wrath came on Judah and…
- 2 Chronicles 33:3 (v7) For he built again the high places which Hezekiah his father had broken down; and he raised up altars for the Baals, made Asheroth, and…
- 2 Chronicles 33:19 (v7) His prayer also, and how God was entreated of him, and all his sin and his trespass, and the places in which he built high places, and set…
- Ezra 9:11-12 (v6) which you have commanded by your servants the prophets, saying, ‘The land, to which you go to possess it, is an unclean land through the…
- Nehemiah 9:8 (v5) found his heart faithful before you, and made a covenant with him to give the land of the Canaanite, the Hittite, the Amorite, the…
- Nehemiah 13:23-27 (v6) In those days I also saw the Jews who had married women of Ashdod, of Ammon, and of Moab; and their children spoke half in the speech of…
- Ezekiel 16:3 (v6) and say, ‘The Lord Yahweh says to Jerusalem: “Your origin and your birth is of the land of the Canaanite. An Amorite was your father, and…
- 2 Chronicles 34:3 (v7) For in the eighth year of his reign, while he was yet young, he began to seek after the God of David his father; and in the twelfth year he…
- 2 Chronicles 34:7 (v7) He broke down the altars, and beat the Asherah poles and the engraved images into powder, and cut down all the incense altars throughout…
Cross-references from openbible.info (CC BY 4.0)
Explain this passage (22 sources)
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Geneva Bible translators 1599 · Public Domain On vv6–7 Contrary to God’s commandment, Deut. 3:7.
Contrary to God’s commandment, Deut. 3:7.
Geneva Bible (1599) marginal notes — public domain.
John Trapp 1656 · Public Domain On vv5–7 Jdg 3:5 And the children of Israel dwelt among…
Jdg 3:5 And the children of Israel dwelt among the Canaanites, Hittites, and Amorites, and Perizzites, and Hivites, and Jebusites:
Ver. 5. Canaanites, Hittites, and Amorites.] No mention of the Girgasites: perhaps they were extinct, or gone into other parts for security.
John Trapp, A Commentary or Exposition upon All the Books of the Old and New Testament (1647–1656) — public domain. Text from a community e-Sword module.
Matthew Poole 1685 · Public Domain On vv6–7 Were drawn to idolatry by the persuasions and examples…
Were drawn to idolatry by the persuasions and examples of their yoke-fellows, through the just judgment of God, punishing their sinful marriages by giving them up to idolatry.
Matthew Poole's English Annotations on the Holy Bible (1683–1685) — public domain. Text from a community e-Sword/MySword module.
John Gill 1763 · Public Domain On vv5–7 And the children of Israel dwelt among the Canaanites,....…
And the children of Israel dwelt among the Canaanites,.... As if they had been only sojourners with them, and not conquerors of them; and dwelt by sufferance, and not as proprietors and owners; such were their sloth and indolence, and such the advantage the inhabitants of the land got over them through it, and through their compliances with them; and this was the case not only of one sort of them, the Canaanites, but of the rest:
the Hittites, and Amorites, and Perizzites, and Hivites, and Jebusites; who all had cities in the several parts of the land, with whom the children of Israel were mixed, and with whom they were permitted to dwell.
John Gill's Exposition of the Whole Bible (1746–1763) — public domain (CC PDM 1.0). Text via the HelloAO Bible API.
John Wesley 1765 · Public Domain On vv6–7 Served their gods - Were drawn to idolatry by…
Served their gods - Were drawn to idolatry by the persuasions and examples of their yoke-fellows.
John Wesley, Explanatory Notes Upon the Whole Bible (1754–1765) — public domain. Text via the GEBible commentary corpus.
Adam Clarke 1810 · Public Domain On vv6–7 Verse 6. And they took their daughters] They formed…
Verse 6. And they took their daughters] They formed matrimonial alliances with those proscribed nations, served their idols, and thus became one with them in politics and religion.
Adam Clarke's Commentary on the Bible (1810–1826) — public domain. Text from a community e-Sword/MySword module.
Joseph Benson 1811 · Public Domain On v6 Jdg 3:6-7. They took their daughters, and served their…
Jdg 3:6-7. They took their daughters, and served their gods — Were drawn to idolatry by the persuasions and examples of their yoke-fellows. And served Baalim and the groves — Or, Baalim in groves; that is, false gods, or rather their images, set up under shady trees, contrary to the command given Exo 34:13. Some expositors, however, think the meaning is, Baalim and Ashtaroth; for by the addition of a single letter, the Hebrew word rendered groves, will be Ashtaroth, and the greater part of the versions so render it, understanding thereby goddesses, as distinguished from Baalim or lords. It must be acknowledged, however, that the trees themselves, which composed those shady retreats in which they placed their idols, and which were consecrated to their honour, were accounted sacred by the ancient pagans, and held in great veneration. They decorated them with ribands and lights, made vows to them, and hung the spoils of their enemies upon them: insomuch that it was customary for travellers to stop, when they were to pass by them, and approach them with veneration and religious awe, as if they had been the habitation of some god.
Joseph Benson's Commentary on the Old and New Testaments (1811–1818) — public domain. Text from a community e-Sword module.
Albert Barnes 1834 · Public Domain On vv6–7 See Jdg 2:2 note.
See Jdg 2:2 note.
Albert Barnes' Notes on the Bible (1834–1885) — public domain. Text from a community e-Sword/MySword module.
Haydock's Catholic Bible Commentary 1859 · Public Domain On vv6–7 Gods. This was the fatal consequence which God had…
Gods. This was the fatal consequence which God had foretold, Deuteronomy vii. 4. (Haydock)
George Leo Haydock (1774–1849), Haydock's Catholic Family Bible and Commentary, 1859 edition — public domain. Excludes Psalms (Douay-Rheims chapter numbering differs from Protestant) and Deuterocanonical books (Catholic canon only).
Lange's Commentary on the Holy Scriptures 1864 · Public Domain On v5 The History of Israel under the Judges: a history…
PART SECOND
The History of Israel under the Judges: a history of sin, ever repeating itself, and of Divine Grace, constantly devising new means of deliverance. Meanwhile, however, the imperfections of the judicial institute display themselves, and prepare the way for the Appointment of a King.
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FIRST SECTION
The Servitude to Chushan-Rishathaim, King of Mesopotamia. othniel, The Judge of Blameless and Happy Life
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Israel is given up into the power of Chushan-rishathaim on account of its sins: Othniel is raised up as a Deliverer in answer to their penitence
Jdg_3:5-11
5And the children [sons] of Israel dwelt among [in the midst of] the Canaanites, Hittites, and Amorites, and Perizzites, and Hivites, and Jebusites: 6And they took their daughters to be their wives, and gave their daughters to their sons, and served their gods. 7And the children [sons] of Israel did evil5 in the sight of the Lord [Jehovah], and forgat the Lord [Jehovah] their God, and served Baalim, and the 8groves [Asheroth]. Therefore [And] the anger of the Lord [Jehovah] was hot [kindled] against Israel, and he sold them [gave them up] into the hand of Chushan-rishathaim, king of Mesopotamia [Aram-naharaim]: and the children [sons] of Israel 9served Chushan-rishathaim eight years. And when [omit: when] the children [sons] of Israel cried unto the Lord [Jehovah], [and] the Lord [Jehovah] raised up a deliverer to the children [sons] of Israel, who [and] delivered6 them, even Othniel the son of Kenaz, Caleb’s younger brother. 10And the Spirit of the Lord [Jehovah] came [was]7 upon him, and he judged Israel, and went out to war: and the Lord [Jehovah] delivered Chushan-rishathaim king of Mesopotamia [Aram] into his hand; and his hand prevailed [became strong]8 against Chushan-rishathaim. 11And the land had rest forty years: and Othniel the son of Kenaz died.
TEXTUAL AND GRAMMATICAL
[1 Jdg_3:7.—Literally, “the evil,” as at verse 12 and frequently. On the use of the article compare the “Grammatical” note on Jdg_2:11. Wordsworth’s note on the present verse is: “They did that evil which God had forbidden as evil.’—Tr.]
[2 Jdg_3:9.—וַיּוֹשִׁיעֵם (from יָשַׁע,) here, without any preposition, with אֵת עָתְנִיאֵל, on the other hand, at 2Ki_14:27, בְּיַד is inserted. [De Wette, in his German Version, also takes Jehovah as subject of וַיּוֹשִׁיעֵם, which seems to be favored by the position of אֵת עָתְנִיאֵל, which according to the common view would be separated from its governing verb by another verb with a different and unexpressed subject. But Dr. Cassel is certainly wrong when he supplies “through” instead of the “even” of our E. V., and so makes “Othniel” the medium by whom Jehovah delivered. That would be expressed either by בְּיַד or by בְּ, cf. Hos_1:7; 1Sa_14:6; 1Sa_17:47. The words אֵת עָתְנִיאֵל are in apposition with מוֹשִׁיעַ.—Tr.]
[3 Jdg_3:10.—So do Dr. Cassel and many others render וַתְּהִי; but the rendering “came” is very suitable, if with Dr. Bachmann, we assume וַתְּהִי, etc., to be explanatory of וַיָּקֶם, etc., in Jdg_3:9.—Tr.]
[4 Jdg_3:11.—וַתָּעָז, from עָזַז. [On the vowel in the last syllable, see Ges. Gram. 67, Rem. 2.—Tr.]
EXEGETICAL AND DOCTRINAL
Jdg_3:5. And the sons of Israel dwelt. The introduction is ended, and the author now proceeds to the events themselves. Fastening the thread of his narrative to the relations which he has just unfolded, he goes on to say: Israel (therefore) dwelt among the Canaanite, Hittite, Amorite, Perizzite, Hivite, Jebusite. The last of these tribes he had not in any way named before; nor, apparently, is it accurate to say that Israel dwelt among the Jebusites. But the passage is a deeply significant citation. Deu_20:17 contains the following: “Thou shalt utterly destroy the Hittites, and the Amorites, the Canaanites, and the Perizzites, the Hivites, and the Jebusites, as Jehovah thy God hath commanded thee; that they teach you not to do after all their abominations.” But, says the narrator, the contrary took place; Israel dwells among them, and is consequently, as Moses foretold, initiated into the sins of its neighbors. Hence, just as in that passage, so here also, only six nations are named. At Deu_7:1 the Girgashites are added. The most complete catalogue of the nations of Canaan is given in Gen_10:15 ff. Another one, essentially different, is found Gen_15:19-21. Here, the writer does not intend to give a catalogue; he names the nations only by way of reproducing the words of Moses, and of manifesting their truthfulness.
Jdg_3:6-7. And they took their daughters. Precisely in this consisted the “covenant” (בְּרִית) which they were not to make with them. The reference here is especially to Deu_7:2 ff.: “Thou shalt make no covenant with them. And thou shalt not make marriages with them; thy daughter thou shalt not give unto his son, nor his daughter shalt thou take unto thy son. For it would turn away thy child from me, and they will serve false gods.” All this has here come to pass. We read the consequence of intermarriage in the words: “and they served their gods.” The same passage (Deu_7:5) proceeds: “Ye shall destroy their altars, and break down their images, and cut down their Asheroth.” But now Israel served “Baalim and Asheroth.” It bent the knee before the altars of Baal and the idols of Astarte. Asherah (see below, on Jdg_6:25) is the idol through which Astarte was worshipped. The altar was especially consecrated to Baal, the pillar or tree-idol to her. Hence the Baalim and Asheroth of this passage answer perfectly to the Baal and Ashtaroth of Jdg_2:13. Instead of destroying, Israel served them. עָבַד is to render bodily and personal service. It is not a matter of thought or opinion merely. He who serves, serves with his body,—he kneels, offers, prays. The ancient translators are therefore right in generally rendering it by λειτουγεῖν. Among the Hellenes, liturgy (λειτουογία) meant service which, as Böckh shows, differed from all other obligations precisely in this, that it was to be rendered personally. Hence, also, liturgy, in its ecclesiastical sense, corresponded perfectly with abodah (צֲכֹדָה), and was rightly used to denote the acts of divine service. Now, when in this way Israel performed liturgy before idol images, that took place which Deu_7:4 foretold: “the anger of the Lord was kindled.” Whenever Israel, the people called to be free, falls into servitude, it is in consequence of the anger of God. It is free only while it holds fast to its God. When it apostatizes from the God of freedom, He gives it up to tyrants, as one gives up a slave (מָכַר).
Jdg_3:8. He gave them up into the hand of Chushan-rishathaim. The explanation of Rishathaim, adopted by Bertheau, which derives it from רֶשַׁע, and gives it the sense of “double injustice” or “outrage,” is not to be thought of. To say nothing of its peculiar form, there is no reason whatever why this title should be given to Chushan and not to the other tyrants over Israel. Had it been intended to describe him as peculiarly wicked he would have been called הָרָע, as in the analogous case of Haman (Est_7:6). The Midrash alone attempts an explanation, and makes Rishathaim to mean Laban. The “double sin” is, that Aram (of which, in the spirit of the Midrash, Laban is the representative) formerly injured Jacob, and now injures his descendants (cf. Jalkut, Judges, n. 41). The renderings of the Targum and Peshito9 sprang from this interpretation. Paul of Tela, on the other hand, follows the Septuagint, which has χουσαρσαθαίμ; he, and others of later date, write Χουσὰν Ρεσαθθώμ (ed. Rördam, p. 74). (Syncellus, ed. Bonn. i. 285, has χουσαρσαθώμ.10) Rishathaim is manifestly a proper name, and forms the complement of Chushan, which does not conceal its national derivation. At all events, at Hab_3:7; Hab_3:11 where it stands parallel with Midian, it is used to designate nationality.12 Now, ancient Persian tradition, as found in the Schahnameh of Firdousi, contains reminiscences of warlike expeditions from the centre of Iran against the West. One of the three sons of Feridoun, Selm (שלם), is lord of the territories west of the Euphrates. The nations of those countries are hostile to Iran. Mention is also made of assistance from Gangi Jehocht (as Jerusalem is several times designated) in a war against Iran (cf. Schack, Heldens. des Firdusi, p. 160). The Iranian heroes, on the other hand, Sam, Zal (זאל), and Rustem, who carry on the wars of the kings, east and west, are from Sedjestan. Sedjestan, whose inhabitants under the Sassanides also formed the nucleus of the army (cf. Lassen, Indische Alterth. ii. 363), derives its name from the Sacæ (Sacastene). The name Sacæ, however, is itself only a general ethnographic term, answering to the term Scythians, and comprehended all those powerful nations, addicted to horsemanship and the chase, who made themselves famous as warriors and conquerors in the regions east and west of the Tigris. All Scythians, says Herodotus, are called Sacæ by the Persians. The term Cossæans was evidently of similar comprehensiveness. As at this day Segestan (or Seistan) is still named after the Sacæ, so Khuzistan after the Cossæans (cf. Mannert, v. 2, 495). Moses Chorenensis derives the Parthians from the land of Chushan (ed. Florival, i. 308–311). In the Nakhshi Rustam inscription (Jdg_3:30) we read of Khushiya, which certainly appears more suggestive of Cossæi, as Lassen interprets, than of Gaudæ, as Benfey explains (Die Pers. Keilinschr., p. 60). That I they are quite like the Parthians, Scythians, Sacæ, in the use of the bow and the practice of pillage and the chase, is sufficiently shown by the passage of Strabo (ed. Paris, p. 449, lib. xi. 13, 6). Like Nimrod (Gen_10:8), all these nations, and also the princes of the Sacæ, Sam, Zal, and Rustem, are I represented as heroes and hunters. Nimrod descends from Cush, and rules at the rivers. So here also Cush is a general term for a widely-diffused family of nations. It does not indicate their dwelling-place, but their mode of life and general characteristics13 Even the reference in the name of this Chushan to darkness of complexion is not to be overlooked. A centaur (horseman) is with Hesiod (Scut. Herc. 185) an asbolos. “Asbolos,” says Eupolemus (in Euseb., Prœp. Ev. ix. 17; cf. Niebuhr, Assur und Babel, p. 262, note 2), is translated χον́μς by the Hellenes. The second Chaldee king is called Chomasbelos by Berosus (Fragmenta, ed. Müller, Paris, p. 503; Niebuhr, p. 490; Syncellus, i. 147, ed. Bonn); while in one passage (Lam_4:8) the LXX. translate shechor, “black,” by ἀσβόλη. Syncellus is therefore improperly censured by Niebuhr for comparing Evechios, and not the son of Chomasbelos, with Nimrod. He could compare none but the first king with him who was likewise held to be the first. Accordingly, it cannot appear surprising that kings and heroes beyond the Euphrates are named כּוּשַׁן, “Chushan.”14 One of the most famous of the primitive kings of Iran was named כי כאושׂ, Kai Kaous. Persian tradition tells of wars and conquests which he carried on in Mesi, Sham, and Rum, i.e. Egypt, Syria, and Asia Minor (cf. Herbelot, Or. Bibl. iii. 59). They also relate misfortunes endured by him. In his wars in the West,15 he was defeated and taken prisoner. His hero and deliverer was always Rustem (רשתם or רסתם, also רֹושתם, cf. Vullers, Lex. Pers. ii. 32). Now, since it is obviously proper to compare these names with כושן רשעתים, “Chushan-rishathaim” (for the ע as well as the pointing of the Masora dates from the Rabbinic Midrash); there is nothing to oppose the idea that the celebrated Rustem of the East, the hero of Kaous, whom Moses Chorenensis calls the Saces, is actually mentioned here. It would enhance the interest of the narrative to find the hero of the Iranian world brought upon the scene of our history. Profane history would here, as so frequently elsewhere, receive valuable illustration from Scripture. An historical period would be approximately gained for Kai Kaous. On the other hand, such conflicts were sufficiently memorable for Israel to serve as testimonies first of God's anger, and then of salvation wrought out by Him.
And they served Chushan-rishathaim, וַיַּעַבְרוּ. God is served with sacrifices; human lords with tribute (cf. Jdg_3:15). Hence the expression עוֹבֵרמס, when a people became tributary. The “eight years” are considered in the introductory section on the Chronology of the Book.
Jdg_3:9. And the sons of Israel cried unto Jehovah. זָעַק is the anxious cry of distress. So cried they in Egypt by reason of their heavy service (Exo_2:23). They cry to God, as children to their father. In his compassion, He hears them. However, Jeremiah (Jdg_11:11) warns the people against that time “when they shall cry (וְזָעֲקוּ) unto God, but he will not hearken unto them.”
And He delivered them through Othniel the son of Kenaz. The Septuagint gives his name as Γοθονιήλ, while Josephus has ’Οθονίλος. Jerome (De Nominibus, ed. Migne, p. 809) has Athaniel, which he translates “my time of God” (tempus meum Dei). This is also the translation of Leusden in his Onomasticon, who however unnecessarily distinguishes between a Gothoniel (1Ch_27:15) and Othniel. Gesenius derives the name from the Arabic, and says it means “lion of God.” How carefully Josephus follows ancient exegesis, appears from his inserting the story of Othniel only after the abominations of Gibeah (Judges 19) and those of the tribe of Dan (Judges 18); for these occurrences were regarded as belonging to the time of servitude under Chushan (Jalkut, Judges, n. 41). But his anxiety to avoid every appearance of improbability does not allow him to call Othniel the brother of Caleb. He speaks of him as “τῆς̓Ιούδα φυλῆς τις, one of the tribe of Judah” (Ant. v. 3, 3); for he fears lest the Greek reader should take offense at finding Othniel still young and vigorous enough to achieve victory in the field, and render forty years' service as Judge. But the narrator adds emphatically, “the younger brother of Caleb,”—in order to leave no doubt that the conqueror of Kirjath-sepher and the victor over Aram were one and the same person. Nor is there any foundation for the scrupulosity of Josephus. In Israel the men capable of bearing arms were enrolled upon the completion of their twentieth year (Num_26:2, seq.). Now, if Othniel was twenty-five years of age when he conquered Kirjath-sepher, and if after that a period of twenty years elapsed, during which a new generation grew up, he would be fifty-three years of age when as hero and conqueror he assumed the judicial office,—a supposition altogether natural and probable. Caleb in his eighty-fifth year still considered himself fully able to take the field. Besides, it is consonant with the spirit which animates the history here narrated, that it is Othniel who appears as the first Shophet. Not merely because of the heroism which he displayed before Kirjath-sepher; but a new dignity like this of Judge is easily attracted to one who is already in possession of a certain authority, which was evidently the case with Othniel. He was one of those who, in part at least, had shared the wars with Canaan. He was the brother and son-in-law of the celebrated Caleb, and hence a head of the tribe of Judah, to which in this matter also the initiative belongs. Once it was asked, “Who shall first go up?” Judah was the tribe selected by the response. The first Judge whom God appointed, must appear in Judah. That tribe still had strength and energy; there the memory of former deeds achieved by faith was still cherished among the people (cf. Shemoth Rabba, § 48, p. 144 a).
Jdg_3:10. And the spirit of Jehovah was upon him. The spirit of faith, of trust in God, of enthusiasm. It is the same spirit which God bestows upon the seventy also, who are to assist Moses (Num_11:25). It was on that occasion that Moses exclaimed, “Would God that all the Lord’s people were prophets, and that the Lord would put his Spirit upon them.” In this spirit, Moses and Joshua performed their great deeds. In this spirit, Joshua and Caleb knew no fear when they explored the land. In this spirit, the spirit of obedience, which in faith performs the law, becomes a spirit of power. Of those seventy we are told (Num_11:25), that when they had received the Spirit of God, they prophesied. The Targum therefore translates, both there and here, רוּחַ נְבוּאָה, Spirit of Prophecy. It does this, however, in the case of no Judge but Othniel. For although the רוּחַ יְהוָֹה is also spoken of in connection with Gideon, Jephthah, and Samson, it merely gives רוּחַ נְּבוּ־ָא in those cases, Spirit of heroism (Jdg_6:34; Jdg_11:29; Jdg_13:25). The first ground of this distinction conferred on Othniel, is the irreproachable character of his rule. No tragic shadow lies on his life, as on the lives of the other heroes. To this must be added the ancient interpretation, already alluded to above (p. 35, note 2), which identified Othniel with Jabez (1Ch_4:10), and regarded him as a pious teacher of the law. They said concerning him, that his sun arose when Joshua’s went down (Bereshith Rabba, § 58, p. 51 b). They applied to him the verse in Canticles (Jdg_6:7): “Thou art all fair, there is no spot in thee” (Shir ha-Shirim Rabba, on the passage, ed. Amsterd. p. 17 c.).16
And he judged Israel. He judged Israel before he went forth to war. It has already been remarked above, that שָׁפַט means to judge in the name of the law. The Judge enforces the law; he punishes sin, abolishes wrong. If Israel is to be victorious, it is not enough to “cry unto the Lord;” the authority of the law (מִשְׁפָּט) must be recognized. “These are the מִשְׁפָּטִים (judgments) which thou shalt set before them,” is the order, Exo_21:1. Israel must become conscious of God and duty. At that point Othniel’s judicial activity began. This was what he taught them for the future. Not till that is accomplished can war be successfully undertaken.
Jdg_3:11. And the land rested. שָׁקַט does not occur in the Pentateuch. It signifies that desirable condition of quiet in which the people, troubled by neither external nor internal foes, enjoys its possessions, when the tumults of war are hushed, and peaceful calm pervades the land. Such rest is found in Israel, when the people obediently serve their God. “The service of righteousness (says Isa_32:17), is rest (הַשְׁקֵט) and security forever.” Jeremiah (Jer_30:10) announces that when Israel shall be redeemed, Jacob shall rest and be free from care (שָׁקַט וְשַׁאֲנַן). The present rest, alas, endured only until Othniel died. When he went home, his authority ceased, and peace departed.
HOMILETICAL AND PRACTICAL
Othniel the Judge without offense and without sorrow. The first Judge comes out of Judah. Here also that tribe leads. On all succeeding Judges there rests, notwithstanding their victories, the shadow of error, of grief, or of a tragic end. They were all of other tribes; only Othniel, out of Judah, saved and died without blemish and without sorrow. To him no abnormity of Jewish history attaches. He was the appointed hero of his time. The relative and son-in-law of Caleb continued the line of heroes which begins in the desert. For that very reason he was free from many temptations and irregularities. Men were accustomed to see Judah and the family of Caleb take the lead. Other Judges had first to struggle for that authority which Othniel already possessed. He who is exempt from this necessity, escapes many a temptation.
Thus Othniel is a type of sons descended from good families, and of inherited position. From him such may learn their duty to use life and strength for their country. His life shows that to lead and judge is easier for them than for others. There are many “Caleb-relatives” who squander the glory of their name; but yet there have never been wanting Christians who, historically among the first men of their country, have borne aloft the banner of truth. Joachim von Alvensleben composed his Confession of the Christian Faith (printed at Stendal, 1854), that he might acquit himself of his “paternal office” to his family, warn them faithfully, and preserve them from apostasy; so that Martin Chemnitz prays the “good and kind God to preserve hoc sacrum depositum in its purity, everywhere in his church, and especially in nobili hoc familia” (Brunswick, March 1, 1566). The spirit of Othniel clearly manifested itself in Zinzendorf; and he rendered useful service not only in spite of his distinguished name, but especially in his own day, because he bore it. His life, while it testifies that in the spirit of the gospel everything can be turned into a special blessing, shows also that no gift of Providence is to be suppressed,—least of all, one’s family and origin (cf. Otto Strauss: Zinzendorf, Leben und Auswahl seiner Schriften, etc., iv. 147, etc.). This spirit of Othniel was in the Minister Von Pfeil, in his life and work, confessing and praying. In his own words:—
“Knight of heaven Jesus made me,
Touched me with the Spirit’s sword,
When the Spirit’s voice declared me
Free forever to the Lord.”
Starke: What great depravity of the human heart, that men so easily forget the true God whom they have known, and voluntarily accept and honor strange gods, whom neither they nor their fathers knew. The Same: God is at no loss for means; He prescribes bounds to the aggressions of the enemy. But in the spiritual warfare also men must be bold. We do not conquer by sitting still. Lisco: The spirit of the Lord is the originator of everything good and of all great achievements.
[Henry: Affliction makes those cry to God with importunity, who before would scarcely speak to him. The same: Othniel first judged Israel, reproved them, called them to an account for their sins, and reformed them, and then went out to war; that was the right method. Let sin at home be conquered, that worst of enemies, and then enemies abroad will be more easily dealt with. Bishop Hall: Othniel’s life and Israel’s innocence and peace ended together. How powerful the presence of one good man is in a church or state, is best found in his death.—Tr.]
Footnotes:
[5][Jdg_3:7.—Literally, “the evil,” as at verse 12 and frequently. On the use of the article compare the “Grammatical” note on Jdg_2:11. Wordsworth’s note on the present verse is: “They did that evil which God had forbidden as evil.’—Tr.]
[6]Jdg_3:9.—וַיּוֹשִׁיעֵם (from יָשַׁע,) here, without any preposition, with אֵת עָתְנִיאֵל, on the other hand, at 2Ki_14:27, בְּיַד is inserted. [De Wette, in his German Version, also takes Jehovah as subject of וַיּוֹשִׁיעֵם, which seems to be favored by the position of אֵת עָתְנִיאֵל, which according to the common view would be separated from its governing verb by another verb with a different and unexpressed subject. But Dr. Cassel is certainly wrong when he supplies “through” instead of the “even” of our E. V., and so makes “Othniel” the medium by whom Jehovah delivered. That would be expressed either by בְּיַד or by בְּ, cf. Hos_1:7; 1Sa_14:6; 1Sa_17:47. The words אֵת עָתְנִיאֵל are in apposition with מוֹשִׁיעַ.—Tr.]
[7][Jdg_3:10.—So do Dr. Cassel and many others render וַתְּהִי; but the rendering “came” is very suitable, if with Dr. Bachmann, we assume וַתְּהִי, etc., to be explanatory of וַיָּקֶם, etc., in Jdg_3:9.—Tr.]
[8]Jdg_3:11.—וַתָּעָז, from עָזַז. [On the vowel in the last syllable, see Ges. Gram. 67, Rem. 2.—Tr.]
[9][The “Crime-committing ('frevelnde) Chushan.” See Bertheau in loc.—Tr.]
[10]Josephus has χουσάρθος. On other readings see Haversamp, ad Josh., i. 289, not. x.
[11]The opinion of Bertheau that the prophet alludes to our passage, is already found in the older Jewish expositors. From any objective, scientific point of view, this view can scarcely be concurred in.
[12][That is to say, the term expresses ethnological, not local relations.—Tr.]
[13]We cannot enter here on a full illustration of the genealogy of Cush, as given Genesis 10. For some excellent remarks see Knobel Die ethnogr. Tafel, p. 251. Where he read Cush, In Wagenseil’s edition of Petachia, Carmoly’s edition, probably less correctly, has Acco. Where Benjamin of Tudela, ed. Asher, p. 83, has כּוּת, other manuscripts have כּוּשׁ, Cush (Eze_38:5) may also pass for the African.
[14]One of the worst enemies of Kai Kaous was Deo Sefid, i.e. the White Foe. At the birth of Rustem’s father, Zal, it was considered a misfortune that his head was white. He was therefore exposed (cf. Schack. Firdusi, p. 175).
[15]Some call him ruler of Arabia, others of Syria. Cf Malcolm, Hist. of Persia, i. 27.
[16][Keil: “The Spirit of God is the spiritual life-principle in the world of nature and of mankind; and in man it is the principle as well of the natural life received by birth, as of the spiritual life received through the new birth, cf. Auberlen, Geist des Menschen, in Herzog’s Realencykl., iv. 731. In this sense, the expression ‘Spirit of Elohim’ alternates with ‘Spirit of Jehovah,’ as already in Gen_1:2, compared with Jdg_6:3, and so on in all the books of the O. T., with this difference, however, that whereas ‘Spirit of Elohim’ designates the Divine Spirit only in general, on the side of its supernatural causality and power, ‘Spirit of Jehovah’ presents it on the side of its historical operation on the world and human life, in the interests of salvation. In its operations, however, the Spirit of Jehovah manifests itself as the Spirit of Wisdom and Understanding, of Council and Strength, of Knowledge and the Fear of the Lord (Isa_11:2). The impartation of this spirit in the O. T., takes the form for the most part of an extraordinary, supernatural influence exerted over the human spirit. The usual expression for this is, ‘the Spirit of Jehovah (or Elohim) וַתְּהּי צָלָיו came upon him;’ so here and in Jdg_11:29; 1Sa_19:20; 1Sa_19:23; 2Ch_20:14; Num_24:2. With this, however, the expressions וַתִּצְלַח (צָלְחָה) עלָיו, Jdg_14:6; Jdg_14:19; Jdg_15:14; 1Sa_10:10; 1Sa_11:6; 1Sa_16:13, and לָבשִׁה אֶת פ׳, the Spirit ‘put on (clothed) the person,’ Jdg_6:34; 1Ch_12:18; 2Ch_24:20, alternate; the former of which characterizes the influence of the Divine Spirit as one which overpowers the resistance of the natural will [the verb צַלַח, which in this connection the E. V. sometimes renders ‘to come upon mightily,’ as in Jdg_14:6, sometimes merely ‘to come upon,’ as in Jdg_3:19 of the same chapter, properly signifies ‘to cleave, to cut, to break through’—Tr.], while the latter represents it as a power which envelopes and covers man. They who receive and possess this spirit are thereby endowed with power to perform wonderful deeds. Commonly, the Spirit that has come upon them manifests itself in the ability to prophesy, but also in the power to perform wonders or exploits transcending the natural courage and strength of man. The latter was especially the case with the Judges. Hence the Targum already, on Jdg_6:34, explains the ‘Spirit of Jehovah’ as the ‘Spirit of Strength from the Lord,’ while on the other hand in our passage it erroneously thinks of the ‘Spirit of Prophecy.’ Kimchi also understands here the ‘spiritum fortitudinis, quo excitatus, amoto omni metu, bellum adversus Cuschanem susceperit.’ It is however scarcely proper so to separate the various powers of the Divine Spirit, as to take it in its operation on the Judges, merely as the Spirit of Strength and Valor. The. Judges not only fought the enemy courageously and victoriously, but also judged the people, for which the Spirit of Wisdom and Understanding, and restrained idolatry (Jdg_2:18 seq.), for which the Spirit of Knowledge and of the Fear of the Lord, was required.”—Tr.]
Lange's Commentary on the Holy Scriptures (Critical, Doctrinal, and Homiletical), ed. John Peter Lange, English translation edited by Philip Schaff (1864–1880) — public domain. Text from a community e-Sword module.
Robert Jamieson, A. R. Fausset & David Brown 1871 · Public Domain On v5 BY COMMUNION WITH THESE THE ISRAELITES COMMIT IDOLATRY. (Jdg…
BY COMMUNION WITH THESE THE ISRAELITES COMMIT IDOLATRY. (Jdg 3:5-7)
the children of Israel dwelt among the Canaanites--The two peoples by degrees came to be on habits of intercourse. Reciprocal alliances were formed by marriage till the Israelites, relaxing the austerity of their principles, showed a growing conformity to the manners and worship of their idolatrous neighbors.
Jamieson, Fausset & Brown — Commentary Critical and Explanatory on the Whole Bible (1871) — public domain (CC PDM 1.0). Text via the HelloAO Bible API.
Daniel D. Whedon 1874 · Public Domain On vv5–7 5. Canaanites, Hittites — For notes on this list…
5. Canaanites, Hittites — For notes on this list of nations, see at Jos_3:10.
Daniel D. Whedon (gen. ed.), Commentary on the Old and New Testaments (1874–1909) — public domain. Text from a community e-Sword module.
The Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges 1878 · Public Domain On vv5–7 5. In contrast to Jdg_3:3 the nations here represent…
5. In contrast to Jdg_3:3 the nations here represent the entire population of W. Palestine. Such is the significance of this conventional list of the six (Exo_3:8 + 8 times) or the seven (with the Girgashites, +Deu_7:12 times) races of Canaan, in JE and the Deut. writers. The connexion of Jdg_3:5-6 with the foregoing may be this: the nations were left to test Israel (Jdg_2:20-22, Jdg_3:1); but Israel, once settled among them (Jdg_3:5), did not stand the test (Jdg_3:6).
The Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges (gen. ed. J. J. S. Perowne; Cambridge University Press, 1878–1918) — public domain. Text from a community e-Sword module.
Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers 1878 · Public Domain On vv5–7 (5) Dwelt among the Canaanites . . .—These nations…
(5) Dwelt among the Canaanites . . .—These nations are enumerated also in Exo_33:2; Exo_34:1. In Jos_24:11 the Girgashites are added; in Ezr_9:1 the Ammonites and Moabites. (See Notes on those places.) At this verse begins the second great section of the book (Jdg_3:5-16), which Prof. Cassel summarises as “a history of sin repeating itself, and of Divine Grace constantly devising new remedies.”
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The Pulpit Commentary 1880 · Public Domain On vv5–7 The Canaanites, etc. The same enumeration of the tribes…
The Canaanites, etc. The same enumeration of the tribes of the Canaanites as in Exo_34:11.
Vers. 5-7. The forbidden covenant.
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When Israel entered the land it was on the express condition that no terms of marriage or intercommunion should be entered into with the aboriginal tribes of Canaan. (Deu_7:1-3) This seems either to have been forgotten or deliberately ignored. The consequences predicted came to pass, and the hearts of the people were led away from the worship of the true God.
I THE LIMITS OF COMMUNION BETWEEN THE CHILDREN OF GOD AND THE WORLD, The law of extermination prescribed to Israel made the path of duty very clear. It was God"s purpose to disentangle the national and individual life of his people from the perversions, corruptions, and self-contradictions of idolatrous worship. He desired to separate them entirely to himself. Severe and uncharitable as this rule might at first appear, it was true mercy to the world as yet unborn, and to the future that was to be redeemed to God. Some comforts and conveniences, a few really valuable fruits of pseudo-civilisation and the contact with the currents of thought and life in the great world of men, had to be sacrificed, but the advantage was more than worth them all. The same problem presents itself to-day to the Christian. How far is it allowable for the life of a child of God and a child of this world to intermingle? What relations of this life are to be kept apart from the world, and to subsist only between Christians, and what relations may be shared with the world? The letter of the ancient prescript is of course obsolete, but the spirit must still be binding. Evidently, however, the relations of what are strictly religious communions can only be sustained between true Christians. And many of the higher relations of our natural life, as, for instance, marriage, can only be worthily sustained by Christians. The spirit of the old law was, immediately, severe, but, ultimately and more largely, merciful. So ought the disposition of the Christian to be. Of course the extent and direction in which we observe this law of heavenly prudence must be left to every man"s conscience in the sight of God. It ought to be remembered that often when it seems to act against others it is really for their good.
II HOW INTIMATE ASSOCIATION WITH THE WORLD AFFECTS THE TONE AND QUALITY OF THE SPIRITUAL LIFE.
1. Habit blunts the conscience to unlawful customs.
2. Personal attachments and friendships lend attraction to social and religious observances which are really unrighteous.
3. The relations of civil life create entanglement and perplexity.
4. The peculiar, intimate, and profound relations of marriage add to the force of all influences that affect the religious nature and the spiritual life. M.
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The Biblical Illustrator 1887 · Public Domain On v6 Served their Gods . . . forgat the Lord,…
Jdg_3:6-7
Served their Gods . . . forgat the Lord, and served Baalim and the groves.
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The downward course of sin
I. The form of their sin. One of omission (Jdg_2:2).
1. No sin of omission is ever small.
(1) It slights Gods authority.
(2) It implies alienation of heart from God.
(3) There is no fear of God before the eyes.
2. Sins of omission may become indefinitely great.
II. The tendency of sin to multiply itself.
1. No sin stands alone.
2. The root-sin here was failure to exterminate the Canaanites.
3. It led to their dwelling among the idolators.
4. Their intermarrying with the ungodly.
5. Their worship of false gods.
6. The facility with which they made the change.
III. The deplorable end to which their evil course led.
1. There was entire abandonment of God as their God. Sin is a great--
(1) Spoiler;
(2) madness.
2. There was sinking down to the level of heathen worship and heathen practices. (J. P. Millar.)
The Biblical Illustrator, edited by Joseph S. Exell (c. 1880s–1900s) — public domain. Text from a community e-Sword module.
The Preacher's Complete Homiletical Commentary 1892 · Public Domain On v5 MAIN HOMILETICS.—Jdg_3:5-11
MAIN HOMILETICS.—Jdg_3:5-11
GREAT SIN AND SEVERE CHASTISEMENT
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CRITICAL NOTES.—
Jos_3:5. And the children of Israel dwelt.] Here are two downward steps at once—a refusal to drive out the Canaanites, and this followed by a decision to sit down and dwell among them. “Canaanites, Hittites,” etc.—not ethnological but geographical names, say many. The inhabitants of Canaan were a congeries of various races, who adopted a common Semitic language, and were attracted to the country by the commercial facilities of the sea-coast, the fertility of its soil, and the strength of its mountain fastnesses. The word “Canaanite” signifies lowlander; “Amorite,” highlander; “Perizzite,” dweller in the open country; “Hivite,” dweller in villages, as described above; “Jebusite,” a thresher; “Hittites,” the posterity of Heth, in the mountainous country of Judah, who may have had something of the character of their father, whose name signifies, the terrible. [Lias and Young.]
Jdg_3:6. And they took their daughters, etc.] Another downward step naturally following on the first two. To form connection with these wicked people by intermarrying was expressly forbidden, and solemn warnings were given to beware of striking on that rock. (Exo_34:16; Deu_7:1-4; also Gen_24:3; Gen_26:34-35; Gen_27:46; 1Ki_16:31; Ezr_9:2; Ezr_9:11-12; Neh_13:25-28.)
Jdg_3:7. The actual narrative now proceeds.—Served Baalim and the groves.] (Sept. and Vulg.) Heb. Asheroth, not Ashtaroth. Not “groves” literally, but upright wooden pillars; for they were often cut down and burned (Jdg_6:25-30). (2Ki_23:6; 2Ki_23:15; Deu_12:3). The stone pillars of Baal, on the contrary, are said to be “broken down” (Exo_34:13; Deu_7:5). [Douglas.] Some hold that Asherah was a wooden image, or symbol of Astarte. [Bertheau and Hengstenberg.] (See Notes on Jdg_2:11-13, p. 32 and 35; also Prof. Lias in loco.) It has been supposed the reference is to Jupiter and Venus. [Douglas.] It is styled the worship of the “groves,” because the “pillars” referred to were placed in the groves, and the worship was carried on there.
Jdg_3:8. Sold them.] Taken from the manner of disposing of a slave; means—He gave them entirely over into his hand without any visible protection from their God (Deu_32:30; 1Sa_12:9; 1Ki_21:20; 2Ki_17:17). “As the Lord had said” (Leviticus 26; Deu_28:29). “Worthy are they to serve those, whose false gods they have served.” [Hall.] “And they served,” if not formally as vassals and slaves, yet the service must have been a virtual bondage—such cruel treatment as the caprice of a heathen tyrant might dictate. The Hebrew word יַעַבְדוּ implies a worse servitude than being tributary, though that is included.
“Chushan-rishathaim”—“Chushan of double wickedness.” The Targum and Peshito interpret it to mean, “the crime-committing Chushan.” The former calls him—“Chushan the wicked, king of Syria on the Euphrates.” Rawlinson regards him as a powerful king, who is represented on the Assyrian inscriptions as the subduer of rebellious countries. Cush is a general name for a widely-diffused family of nations, and is descriptive of their general characteristics, their mode of life, their darkness of complexion, etc. Kings and heroes beyond the Euphrates are named כוּשַׁן. Probably the first part of the name is ethnological in its reference. Cush was the son of Ham, and the father of Nimrod, and so his name may have been taken by the whole line of warlike heroes who followed each other on the banks of the Euphrates, somewhat in the same manner as the Sultans of Turkey, who formed an almost unbroken line of men of energy and enterprise for a long period. In that case, Chushan would be a mere titular or honorary designation. The latter name may have been given to express the detestation in which he was held as the enslaver of the nations. It would imply a similar odium to that attaching to the phrase, “publicans and sinners,” or it may simply mark the ferocious character of the man. It has been said, “Tyrants delight in terrible names and titles, as Attila the Hun, who styled himself “Ira Dei et orbis vastitas.” [Trapp.] “King of Mesopotamia.” Heb. Aram-naharaim, signifying “the Syria of the two rivers”—the Tigris and the Euphrates—or, “the highland by the two streams.” He must have come a considerable distance (Mayer says 400 miles), which according to Groser made it a punishment less severe than subsequent servitudes to tribes at hand. This raid of Chushan appears to have been similar to the incursion made by the four kings from the plain of Shinar, to the country occupied by Sodom and Gomorrah, and other tribes, in the days of Abraham. (Genesis 14) “Served him eight years.” The same length of time, say some, that they had openly practised idol-worship.
Jdg_3:9. Cried unto the Lord.] Sad change from the days of Joshua! (Comp. Jdg_10:10; Jdg_10:15.) “Raised up a deliverer.” מוֹשִׁ֛יעַ—a Helper, or Saviour. (Comp. 2Ki_13:5; Neh_9:27.) “Raised up.” Prompted, or stirred up. A special Divine influence was exerted on the individual. This phrase forms a striking parallel to Act_13:23. “Othniel.” The Kenizzite, the younger brother and son-in-law of Caleb, and formerly conqueror of Kirjath-sepher. (Jos_15:16-17, cf. Jdg_1:13.) He bore one of the most honoured names in the royal tribe, was himself a hero, and, above all, was a man who understood the science of the “wars of Canaan,” viz., that all real victory is secured by faith. Thus he was well qualified at this critical moment to step forward and lift from the dust his country’s torn standard. Othniel was not elected to office by the vote of the people, but God Himself made the choice, as He did in all the other cases.
Jdg_3:10. The Spirit of the Lord came upon him.] (וַתְּהִי עָלָיו רוּחַ) It is to little purpose to make much (as Keil does) of the distinction between the Spirit of Elohim and the Spirit of Jehovah—between the Spirit, as the principle of the natural life which we receive through birth, and, as the principle of the spiritual life which we receive through regeneration—or between the spirit of prophecy and the spirit of power, with other similar distinctions. The main thing to be noticed is, that the Divine Spirit was specially given and in an extraordinary degree, so that the recipient felt assured beyond doubt God had called him to do a great work, and was endowing him with all the gifts and qualifications that were needful for the execution of that work; whether courage, wisdom, zeal, prophecy, power, or any other quality that might be needed. The man was lifted above himself, and gifted so far as was necessary to make him an instrument entirely meet for the accomplishment of the work set before him. But it was the supernatural rather than the gracious influences that were conferred (Jdg_6:34; Jdg_11:29; Jdg_13:25; Jdg_16:6; Jdg_16:9). Joshua is described as a man in whom was the Spirit (Num_27:18, see also Neh_2:18). “This gift, like every other, has Faith for its foundation; yet human weakness is not excluded.” [Hengstenberg]. It was given in such measure and manner as to secure the entire efficiency of the instrument. No details are given of Othniel’s mode of action. It is likely he conquered in battle. Josephus says, “he collected a band of resolute men and surprised the king’s guard.” The force of the phrase—“came upon him” is, He lighted upon him,—“and the Lord gave Chushan into his hand,” etc., (cf. Jdg_1:2; Jdg_3:28). The battle was not due to mere skill and courage, but the presiding mind that ordered all the circumstances and brought out the victory, was the Lord. “His hand prevailed”—became strong over him (Jdg_6:2). He smote him so that he was compelled to evacuate the country. “He judged Israel”—acted as a head to Israel—became a father to—righted what was wrong, administered justice, and decided for the nation its path of duty in the special emergency. This is the force of the word שָׁפַט. Besides taking a general charge of public affairs, “the judge” specially enforced the law under which Israel lived, and taught the people to recognise in it the authority of Jehovah.
Jdg_3:11. The land had rest.]—was hushed to repose, like the stormy ocean when a lull comes on in the evening and not a ripple moves on the surface. This calm is secured by righteousness, Isa_32:17. “And Othniel died”—at the end of the forty years.
MAIN HOMILETICS.—Jdg_3:5-7
THE DOWNWARD COURSE OF SIN
Prefatory Note. Hitherto we have seen the faithfulness of the Covenant-God in accomplishing His word to His people. From first to last, there had been no failure. All had come to pass, and the whole nation were the witnesses. They had become a great nation. They had been put in possession of one of the most beautiful homes the earth could furnish. Jehovah’s right hand had done it, and done it in such a way as to leave them with a history full of thrilling interest and gratitude to all succeeding generations. No wonder that so many of their spiritual odes begin and end with a call to “Praise the Lord.” This is the gist of the historical portions of Exodus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, and Joshua.
Now in the Book of Judges, we are to read how the people fulfilled their side of the Covenant. Were they loyal to their God and King? Did they appreciate the high distinction conferred upon them, and did they realise the weighty obligations under which they were laid to love and serve their God, notwithstanding the temptations that might be employed to induce them to apostatise? Now that their God has done everything that He promised to do on His part, the time has come to say how they mean to fulfil what they had promised on their side. They are left entirely to themselves, without any Moses or Joshua to guide them, that they may give an unbiassed answer. They are allowed ample time—400 years and upwards—that they may have a thorough trial, and that God may bring out all that is in their hearts. Every security is taken that the verdict shall be entirely their own.
But alas! the response to all this kindness and painstaking is extremely melancholy. On every page, as we read, is stamped the word faithless. They erred from the beginning and they erred all through. In a single line may be epitomised all that needs be said on the subject. “They forsook the Lord God of their fathers, and followed other gods.” For allegiance we have treachery and alienation of heart; for alacrity in keeping the Divine commandments, we find listlessness and disobedience; for ardent gratitude we find cold indifference, and mulish insensibility; instead of lifting up a testimony for the God of their fathers, they seem totally unconscious that they have a mission in the world, and ever betray a tendency to fraternise with the devotees of heathen worship around them. Their history is a long and ever-repeating series of backslidings and punishments, of repentances and deliverances—and this throughout the entire era of the judges! What an expenditure of Divine mercy made to all appearance in vain!
In the downward course of sin related at Jdg_3:5, we mark—
I. The form of their sin.—One of omission. A sin of omission stands at the head of the list of the heavy charges which God brings against His people.—“Ye have not obeyed my voice” (Jdg_2:2). To clear the land of those wicked peoples, the last sands of whose day of forbearance were run out, was the express injunction of Jehovah, and was most imperative in its character. “Thou shalt utterly destroy them—thou shalt save alive nothing that breatheth” (Deu_7:2; Deu_20:16-17; also Lev_27:29). How faithfully Joshua executed this stern commission appears from Jos_6:21; Jos_10:28; Jos_10:40; Jos_11:11-12. The heathens themselves seemed to have a premonition that they were all doomed because of their wickedness (Jos_9:24, also Jdg_2:9). Joshua had done much, but much still remained to be done; and now, after twenty years have passed away, the sad account is, that no progress has been made since that good man was laid in his grave, but on the contrary, that the work has been going back very perceptibly. Notice:—
1. No sin of omission is ever small. Usher’s last prayer was, “O Lord! pardon all my sins—especially my sins of omission.” The half-hearted king of Israel thought his sin of omission too slight to be taken account of, when he spared the best of the sheep and the oxen, among the people that were given over to entire destruction. His self-satisfied statement was, “I have performed the commandment of the Lord.” “What then,” was the stern reply—“what meaneth this bleating of the sheep and this lowing of the oxen, that I hear?” (1Sa_15:14). Why did “the rich man in hell lift up his eyes, being in torment”? Because of a sin of omission! What will form the ground of condemnation of “the goats on the left hand” at the great day of account? Sins of omission! Why is it that millions of souls are lost that might have been saved? Because of a sin of omission—neglect of the great salvation.
Reasons why it cannot be held small:—
(1.) It slights God’s authority. It may seem at first sight less defiant of that authority, than a sin of commission, and so some regard it as trifling. But this thought is insidious. No sin from its nature can be small. Though not a direct transgression, if it be a non-compliance with God’s law, it implies a slight done to the Majesty of the Lawgiver, and a throwing off the yoke of obedience to His law.
(2.) It implies alienation of heart from God. Obedience is the natural expression of love. (1Jn_5:3.) But where obedience is not, there cannot be love. And as there cannot be neutrality, there must be alienation. In God’s estimation, no line of demarcation is more broadly marked than that between a heart where love reigns, and one whose instinct is that of alienation. Sin, in any form, is, in the principle of it, treason against God’s supremacy in the soul, and this principle once admitted, who can tell to what it may grow? Indeed, it is a sin of omission, that forms the chief ground of condemnation of the whole race of man—the want of love to God, with all the heart, soul, strength, and mind.
(3.) There is no fear of God before the eyes. True reverence of God implies the greatest sensibility of response to His word. It is called a “trembling at God’s word” (Isa_66:2). It is the opposite of indifference, and implies that the soul is jealously sensitive that God should have from it all the love, obedience, and consideration that is His due. But neglect of God’s law, or any of God’s commands, means the opposite pole from jealous sensitiveness to give to God His due. This neglect, then, cannot be a small sin.
2. Sins of omission may become indefinitely great. Over the space of many years the tribes failed to fulfil a paramount duty. They lingered and doubted, they temporised and put off the disagreeble duty, and so the doomed races were not removed out of the land. On the contrary, they were allowed to recover from their panic, they gathered heart again, recovered ere long much of their lost ground, and began rapidly to multiply in numbers. And now, so far from their being exterminated, we see large cities in the interior filled with them, fertile valleys crowdedly occupied by them, and the sea-port towns in their possession along with fortresses and fastnesses all over the land. Six races out of seven count as before. What had these Israelites been doing, that there seemed scarcely to be any thinning of the numbers of the doomed nations? Rather they seem to be advancing than retreating. What a fatal issue was imminent! Had Divine Providence not interposed, the rising tide of idolatry must soon have swelled up to the Israelitish community itself, and gradually overflowed the only true God-fearing centre among men on the earth. To such a climax must the evil effects of this sin of omission have reached, had there been no check.
Illustrations of this principle. That sins of omission grow when let alone. (a) Neglect of parental training. This goes on from day to day for years, till the result appears in evil habits contracted and evil dispositions fostered in the children, ensuring a bitter harvest of sorrow. (b) Neglect of self-training. When a man neglects day by day to fulfil his duties to his God, he becomes confirmed in the habit of living “without God,” and “living to himself,” the result being the growth of all manner of ungodly dispositions in the heart. It is as in a garden. If no care is taken to clear away the weeds, and turn over the soil, it will gradually become the garden of the sluggard, or, losing the character of a garden, it will become an offensive jungle, or a noisome marsh. “I went by the field of the slothful,” etc. (Pro_24:30-32.)
II. The tendency of sin to multiply itself.
1. No sin stands alone. Any sin when tolerated becomes a mother sin. The appropriate name for it is “Gad—a troop cometh.” All history verifies this as a matter of fact. And if we look for the principle, we find it is a natural sequence that one sin should open the door for another sin. The same state of heart that can commit one sin deliberately can commit others, and many others, so long as the heart is not changed. Besides, it is part of the punishment of one sin to have the barrier broken down between the man and another sin. “He that committeth sin becomes the servant (slave) of sin.” The sinner is also given up to the influence of the wicked one who knows too well how to work on the bias of his sinful nature.
2. The root sin here was failure to exterminate the Canaanites. This was an act of direct refusal to obey a Divine command. Had they done as commanded, they would have removed the temptations and the active influences that led to other sins. But this first sin paved the way for all that came after. It led to—
3. Their dwelling among the idolaters. There was no alternative. Either root them out, or live among them. Kill them, or have them for snares. Being permitted to live, these idolaters became interspersed with the tribes in all corners of the land. “The sons of God,” cultivated brotherhood with “the children of the Wicked One.” The professedly holy held fellowship with the unrighteous, and the openly sinful. The eyes became accustomed to look upon sin, and the ears got used to hear the voices of sin day by day, for a long period. They made a perilous peace with a sworn foe. They made the hopeless attempt of trying whether it might not be possible for “light to hold communion with darkness.”
4. Their intermarrying with the ungodly. Their sparing these nations led them to live among them, and now their living among them leads to their intermarrying with them. “The lust of the eye and the lust of the flesh” speedily overcame what remained of their failing fidelity. “The beauty of the Hamite women, and the secular advantages which such alliances promised, exerted a mightier influence than the counsels and the warnings of the noble men who pled the cause of God and truth, or the remembrance of past mercies and past chastisements.” This was no longer walking merely on the borders of sin. It was giving it the right hand of friendship. It was taking hot coals into the bosom, and those who did so could not fail to be burned. It was allowing sin to work under the greatest possible advantages, and to work unchecked. The most powerful of all influences—those which belong to the domestic circle—are enlisted as a means to entice the soul into the commission of “the abominable sin.” Influences leading to idolatry thus came streaming in upon them through all the avenues of daily life. Rapidly a lower descent is reached.
5. Their worship of false gods. It is indeed all put in one sentence, as if there were no appreciable difference in time between the one step and the other. (Jdg_3:6.) They intermarried and “served their gods.” as if the two things went together as a matter of course. The spark does not more surely kindle the tinder. But so painful is the fact that the statement is made twice over, first more briefly in Jdg_3:6, and then more explicitly in Jdg_3:7, as if to put a melancholy emphasis on the statement. “Yes, it was even so. The children of Israel DID the evil, about which so much care was taken to keep them from it—they really did forget the Lord their God, and served Baalim and the groves.” Wonder, O Heavens! and be astonished O earth, etc. A flagrant breach was made of the first and greatest of all the commandments—“Thou shalt have no other gods before Me.” They were indeed casting away the very foundations of their religion as the seed of Abraham. They were formally abandoning the sacred covenant that stood between them and their God. His fear was cast off; they trampled on His laws, and cast His ordinances behind their backs. They shamelessly gave that homage to the lifeless images which was due to the true and living God.
6. The facility with which they made the change. Why should a whole nation, in the short space of twenty years, swing round to the opposite pole from that, to which by their remarkable history they were solemnly pledged to adhere for all coming time? It was another sad example of the fact, that “the heart is deceitful above all things and desperately wicked.” Peculiarly offensive such conduct must have been in the sight of the Jealous God. The despising of His great name—the dishonour done to His Majesty—the deep offence given to every perfection of His holy nature—were all fitted to provoke Him to anger, and to say, “Shall I not visit for these things? Shall not my soul be avenged on such a nation as this?” What culpable forgetfulness of all His mighty acts and gracious deliverances! What a slight put on the lavish display of loving-kindness and tender mercy! Tell it not in Tyre and Sidon lest the uncircumcised should triumph!
COMMENTS AND SUGGESTIONS.—Jdg_3:5-7
THE UNEXPECTED OUTBREAK OF GREAT SIN
Who could have imagined that a people, exalted to heaven in point of privilege, should have so swiftly slid down the steep to the pit of heathenism? It suggests:—
I. The latent power of sin. Such an event could not have happened without a strong force of gravity towards evil. When temptation can lead astray with such facility there must be much affinity with it in the heart. Not more certain is the action of a spark on tinder than is the influence of evil in alluring our fallen nature to sin. In the present case, though there were no noisy demonstrations, the heart must have been secretly wedded to evil. The stream is deepest where it flows most noiselessly. Three things were remarkable—
(1.) That the depravity of the heart should have gone so far.
(2.) That it should have done so when surrounded by such sacred motives drawing in the opposite direction.
(3.) That it should have done so with so little appearance of apostasy beforehand. “Men love darkness rather than light, because their deeds are evil.”
II. The fostering causes of this sin—
(1.) Supineness. Sloth. Men love to be at ease. The craving of flesh and blood for self-indulgence is strong. But the spiritual life requires the subordination, and even the crucifixion, of flesh and blood. Constant diligence in the use of means, and the strict fulfilment of duty are necessary, not only to promote advancement in holiness, but also to prevent backsliding into the ways of evil. There is ever a latent current of feeling in the heart downward toward ungodliness, so that the oar requires to be actively handled that the boat may ascend the stream. When the oar is laid aside, instantly there is a going downward. There is no such thing as remaining stationary. But when a difficult duty has to be performed, how many cry out like the slothful man, “There is a lion in the way—a lion in the streets.”
(2.) Neglect of watchfulness and prayer. To “watch and pray” is the Master’s own receipt for not entering into temptation. All who have overcome in spiritual battles have used this receipt, while those who have neglected to do so have sooner or later been overcome. There is much to be opposed within. “I am carnal, sold under sin. I find a law that when I would do good, evil is present with me.” There is much to be guarded against from without. All that is in the world, its bewitching influences, its vain show, its pride of life, its smiles and frowns alike. And there is much of danger coming both from within and without. “The god of this world” is ever wielding its influences for the spiritual injury of men, and as “the spirit that works in the children of disobedience,” he is ever secretly engaged in trying to seduce the heart from the ways of righteousness and truth.
(3.) Faith dying out. Where true faith is once fairly planted in the heart, “He that begins the good work will carry it on” to final accomplishment. But not a few profess to have faith who, on trial, prove to be false, and become as bad or worse than the unbeliever. In other cases true faith may exist, and yet sink so far down as to seem “ready to die,” and so lead to backsliding for a time. Where faith is not in operation there is great risk of violent outbreaks of sin, for without faith there is no ground to stand on in opposing sin. It is “by faith we stand.”
(4.) Being spoiled by luxury. When “Jeshurun waxed fat he kicked; he forsook God that made him, and lightly esteemed the Rock of his salvation.” When Israel got settled down in a rich and fertile country which he could call his own, as abundance flowed around him, he was in danger of losing that sense of dependence on his God which was so necessary to a healthy piety. Hence this is put down as one special cause of apostasy (Deu_31:20; Hos_13:6; also Neh_9:25-26; Deu_8:12-14). The well-watered plains of Jordan, which seemed like the garden of the Lord, became a curse to Sodom. Thus, too, it was with the Egyptians, Assyrians, and Babylonians. (Comp. Pro_30:8-9; Psa_73:7; Psa_73:18; Psa_17:10.)
III. The tendency of sin to seek the lowest level. As water ever flows downwards seeking the lowest level, so does a heart that is estranged from God. It is always instinctively seeking to get farther and father away from God. “Cain went out from the presence of the Lord and dwelt in the land of Nod.” Of the wicked, it is said, “God is not in all his thoughts.” and as this alienation grows, he begins to doubt his very existence, because he more and more wishes that no God did exist. He has a memory for everything else, but no memory for the living God.—His name, His law, and our responsibility towards Him. A godless man, who was seventy years of age, once confessed that he had never used the name of God, but twice all his life, and that was as a means of swearing.
The course of sin is ever downwards, and that with accelerating force, as the stone rolling down the mountain side, which moves faster and more furiously at every bound. And it never stops! The sinner finds that
“In the lowest deep a lower deep
Still threatening to devour him opens wide.”
But never does he reach the very lowest. It is a “bottomless pit.” It was hard from the first to convince the Jews that the Christ had really come. But it grew harder and harder as time went on, until it could be said of the very teachers of the nation—“having eyes they saw not, and ears they heard not.” None are so blind as those who will not see. “Jesus said, For judgment am I come—that they who see might be made blind.” There is such a condition as “having the understanding darkened—having blindness of heart—and (as regards the conscience) being past feeling”—showing an advanced growth in evil habits.
THE RELIGIOUS STANDARD NOT TO BE LOWERED
This lay at the root of the apostasy. Joshua nobly put it up to the right mark (Jos_24:19, etc.). But the people with distempered vision did not see it. Already they pitched it lower while he was speaking, and the ensnaring influences of every day life led them to keep on gradually bringing it down, until they could first bear to look on evil, then to come near, and, by and bye, to embrace and practise it. When Jesus saw the multitudes following Him, He turned to them and said, “If a man come to me and hate not his father and mother, yea and his own life also, he cannot be my disciple.”
“By presenting an easy and lax view of religion, many have been brought over nominally to the gospel, who neither knew its nature nor felt its power. Imperfect views of what Christ requires have never done any real service to the Christian cause. It is said of Philip of Macedon, that he conquered less by the sword than by his bribes. No such success is possible in spiritual warfare. We must not keep back any part of the truth—the essential depravity of our nature, the need of a radical change of heart, the necessity of dependence on the mercy of God through faith in the blood of Christ, and the requirement in all cases of a holy life. We must not tell people that every part of their progress will be free from anxiety, that their path will be uniformly smooth, that no opposition will arise without, and no struggle within. We must describe the trials as well as the comforts, the labour as well as the reward, the race as well as the prize, the battle as well as the victory. If these things are kept out of sight, there will be no real success; there may be counterfeit religion, but no vital principle of godliness. There will be no root, and therefore no ‘bearing unto perfection.’ ” [Foote.]
“Nothing does so much harm to the cause of Christ as backsliding. And nothing causes so much backsliding as enlisting disciples without letting them know what they take in hand. Jesus had no desire to swell the number of His disciples by admitting soldiers who would fail in the hour of need. He bids all who think of taking service with Him, to ‘count the cost’ before they enter on it. People are often self deceived, and think they are converted when they are not changed at all. It costs something to be a true Christian. To be a nominal Christian and go to church is cheap and easy. But to believe in Christ with the heart, and to follow Him in life, requires much self-denial. It will cost us our sins, our self-righteousness, our ease, our wordliness. All must be given up. Christ’s religion begins with a sacrifice. The cross appears at the outset.” [Ryle.]
“If we mean to follow Christ, we must reckon on not making anything more than heaven out of our religion, as we must not think of anything less. A true disciple is one that comes after Christ, and does not prescribe to Him. He comes after him as the sheep after the shepherd, the servant after the master, the soldier after his captain; and Christ’s service will bear scrutiny. Satan shows the best and hides the worst, because his best will not countervail his worst, but Christ’s will, and that exceeding abundantly.”
[Henry.]
MAIN HOMILETICS.—Jdg_3:7
III. The deplorable end to which their evil course led.
1. There was entire abandonment of God as their God. They were exalted to heaven with the privilege of being able to call the great Jehovah their own God. He had made to them a special gift of Himself. What a possession was this to belong to “dust and ashes!” “Blessed were the people whose God was Jehovah” Yet this apostate generation did not covet the incomparable privilege. Dumb images made with men’s hands they preferred to that great Being who made heaven and earth!
(1.) Sin is a great spoiler. It not only robs men of some of their valuable treasures, but it takes God Himself out of the list of their possessions! And what a loss to any man is the loss of his God! What a terrible robbery is here! To have the Divine favour withdrawn; to have the Divine image eclipsed; to be cut off from the source of all righteousness, goodness, and truth; to lose the protecting shield of Jehovah’s arm; no longer to enjoy the watchful care of His loving eye; and especially to put away from them the love of His mighty heart, and the inexpressible joys of His holy fellowship—to give up all this of their own accord, is an extraordinary illustration of how far sin can go through its enchantments in stripping men of their possessions.
(2.) Sin is a great madness. When God Himself is abandoned, this madness is of the very worst type. For immortal beings to be travelling on to a never-ending Future, where the laws of righteousness and truth hold on their fixed course, yet to cast off all thought of God! To see mighty forces in nature around them now slumbering, or only partially at work, before which man is but a straw, liable to be swept away at a moment’s notice, and to know that at the boundary line of the eternal state these forces will awake in all their majesty, yet still to reject the friendship and protecting care of their God! O this is deplorable indeed for those who were once children of the covenant!
2. There was sinking down to the level of heathen worship, and heathen practices. It is difficult to estimate the melancholy character of the announcement—“they forgot the Lord their God, and served Baalim and the groves.” Through the rough discipline of the wilderness journey, the idolatrous spirit had been almost wholly purged out of the nation, and under the strict administration of Joshua “the house had become empty, swept, and garnished.” Now, the unclean spirit was going and taking with himself seven other spirits more wicked than himself, and they were entering in and dwelling there, so that the latter condition of the nation was worse than it was in the beginning. The degrading character of the new service. The service of Baalim for the most part consisted in the perpetration of a series of acts of cruelty in honour of the god, while that of the “groves” consisted in the commission of crimes so gross as to court concealment. In both cases, crimes of unrestrained profligacy were converted by them into acts of religious worship! The practice of the most hideous forms of wickedness became their religion! The light they had was “become darkness, and great was the darkness.” The religious sense was for the time practically obliterated, conscience was seared, and the reins were let loose for every measure of practical wickedness. A state of life where all the grosser passions reign supreme, where the idea of responsibility for moral conduct is given up, where there is no thought of an all-seeing eye looking on, where there is no higher object to look up to than dumb wood or stone, and where every suggestion of enlightened reason is drowned amid the wild cravings of evil affection and desire—such is the low level reached by those who had cast off their God.
COMMENTS AND SUGGESTIONS.—Jdg_3:7
NECESSITY OF SEPARATION BETWEEN THE RIGHTEOUS AND THE WICKED
1. The rule has always been clear. At the earliest dawn of history we find strict requirement made as to non-allowance of intermarriages between the godly and the ungodly, and also as to intimate intercourse of any kind. In the lines of Seth and of Cain respectively, we read of the distinction of the “sons of God” and the “daughters of men.” Abraham was most strict in arranging that his promised son should not intermarry with a heathen family. It went deeply to the heart of Isaac and Rebekah that their firstborn son should have so recklessly violated this rule. It was a solemn injunction to the nation of Israel to keep themselves entirely aloof from intimate fellowship with other nations. Especially, an emphatic charge was given not to mix themselves up by marriage, or other ties, with the nations that occupied the land of their inheritance. Any violation of this charge was found at all times to lead to disastrous consequences. So it is said, “Israel shall dwell safely, being alone.”
2. Its application to New Testament times. The principle is laid down that Christians should not form intimate relations with the men of this world. They are not to make close companions of them, even when they are led in the course of their calling to do business with them (1Co_5:9-11).
They are not to entangle themselves in intimate unions with the openly wicked and profane. This is but to follow up the prayer—“lead us not into temptation.” It is to obey the injunction, “be not unequally yoked with unbelievers,” etc. And again, “Come out from among them, and be ye separate.” And it is to act in the spirit of the maxim, “Evil communications corrupt good manners.”
“In unequal matches, the bad are more likely to corrupt the good than the good to reform the bad.” [Henry.]
3. The line of separation. The righteous are not to associate with the men of this world in any of their evil principles or corrupt practices. They are not to act with them while giving way to sinful indulgences, or to arts and acts of dishonesty, deception and fraud, or any conduct whatever which the word of God condemns. But there is a field of action and of thought which the Christian has in common with the man of the world, such as professional duties and engagements, commercial transactions, scientific pursuits, and also the ties of relationship, or trade, or neighbourhood; also benevolent and philanthropic schemes, the rights and duties of citizenship, etc. In regard to these, some measure of intercourse is allowed, if care is taken not to compromise Christian principle.
4. Care must be taken to draw the line. The friends of God, and the friends of sin, if sometimes accidentally brought together, must never become bosom friends. Christians are the holy temple of God, and must not get polluted by contact with transgressors. The intercourse of evil men is very apt to corrupt the hearts of Christians. By the secret influence of their words, looks, and conversation, they do so. We come to have less horror at vice, as we accustom our eyes to look at it from day to day; we feel less alarm while we hear of it frequently; and we gradually get less cautious and circumspect while we constantly mix with the gay, the worldly, and the men of corrupt minds. Even the Old Dispensation could teach that we should “not plough with an ox and an ass together,” i.e., with a clean and an unclean animal in the same yoke. So now under the New Economy righteousness should not have fellowship with unrighteousness, nor should light have communion with darkness. (See Barnes on 2Co_6:14-18; also on 1Co_15:33.)
MAIN HOMILETICS.—Jdg_3:8-9
THE INEVITABLE ISSUE OF SIN
I. Their experience of a course of sin.
1. It begins with high promises. Its nature is to work by allurement. It glitters and it flatters; it smiles and it enchants; it deceives and it intoxicates. It promises immediate gratification, and that of the richest kind. Its golden apples are easily plucked, and they are to be had at once without the trouble of waiting for them. Its enjoyments are lip-full in measure—all that is agreeable to flesh and blood, all that the “carnal” heart can desire. An air of fascination is thrown around every object, and all things are made to appear “couleur de rose.” Bright flowers are presented to draw the eye, sweet odours to regale the sense of smell, rich harmonies to ravish the ear, and choice delicacies to please the taste. Whatever witchery can be practised on the senses, whatever seductive arts can be employed to win the affections, whatever lulling influences might possibly succeed in soothing the conscience, whatever persuasive power can be brought to bear on the will, all is employed with the skill of a magician to draw the soul across the line of rectitude into the region of transgression. A certain nameless influence is felt to be drawing the soul onward, more difficult to analyse than the ozone of the atmosphere around us.
The Israelites thought they had got a happy solution of their difficulties when they closed hands in cordial alliance with these Canaanites, agreed to live with them as good neighbours, and employed the sacredness of the marriage tie to cement their relations in a lasting peace. Thus would they be saved from carrying out farther the dangerous and murderous work of extermination. Thus the brightest commercial prospects were opened to them, and the full cup of life’s enchanting pleasures, which these nations were accustomed to put to their lip, would also be shared by them. The argument was irresistibly plausible, and they allowed themselves to be beguiled. But one thing it lacked. It was against the express command of their God! And so—
2. Sin soon proves a peace disturber. When the soul is first enticed all things are at peace. There is no thunder in the sky, nor even a single black cloud. The sun shines brightly overhead. The air is balmy and genial. The flowers bloom freshly and sweetly around us, the lawn is verdant, the birds sing among the branches, and all nature by her profoundly peaceful attitude seems to second or support the argument of sin by her tacit approval. The tempted one is thus induced to put forth his hand, and pluck the forbidden fruit. From that moment the wheels begin to move backward. No abrupt external change takes place. The sun still shines, and the birds still sing. But presently a snake appears in the grass. Ere long the flowers droop and the leaves wither. Thistles and tangled brakes begin to appear. The path becomes rugged, and the wildness of the desert replaces the culture of the garden. A black cloud gathers in the heavens, and instead of the warm soft zephyrs, cold moaning winds begin to be heard. At last come the thunder clouds, and the forked lightnings, with the tempest and the hail—too sure evidence as to what is the legitimate issue of sin.
“There is no peace, saith my God, to the wicked.” Israel’s peace was gone from the day that they openly threw off the authority of Jehovah, and of set purpose gave themselves up to the worship of idols. Their history from that point became a series of painful surprises and crushing calamities. Instead of being a perpetual summer, their history more resembled a succession of desolating winters, with intervals of not very genial spring seasons between. The high name which the fathers had won in the conquest of the land did not secure to their successors undisturbed repose, whether they continued faithful or not. Sin, true to its antecedents, leads to trouble. From near and far the dangers come. Sometimes one king, sometimes another; in all directions messengers are found to execute the threatened judgments. Israel is not at rest in the land of rest. That which should have been a land of peace is turned into a sea of troubles.
3. Sin is an essential weakness. “Righteousness exalteth a nation, but sin is a reproach to any people.” The mighty people before whom the armies of more than thirty kings were hopelessly discomfited now quail and turn their backs at the appearance of a single chief and his trained followers. They were utterly unable to make head against the invader. Chushan walked the course. “Their men of might did not find their hands.” “Their defence was departed from them.”
The one cause of their weakness was, that through their sin God had become their enemy. This was not merely one cause among others, but it was the only cause. For though many instrumentalities may be at work to punish the guilty, one Sovereign Will controls and guides the whole.
(a) A man’s own conscience is turned against him, and he cries out “My punishment is greater than I can bear!” Imaginary terrors make him afraid. “Each bush he takes to be an officer.” “Terrors take hold on him as waters,” and he fleeth from his own shadow. It was an evil time in the history of Israel, when they had a man with a guilty conscience for a king, when his army was scattered, and his few friends followed him trembling. But among the few was one man with a good conscience, before whom and his armour-bearer ten thousand were put to flight.
(b) God can bring adversity against him on every side. Every scheme which the wicked man attempts, God can make to fail. He can set His face against him on every side, so that all things shall work together for his injury and not for his profit. As in the case of Pharaoh’s chariots and horses, He can take off the chariot wheels, so that they shall drive them heavily in endeavouring to carry out their purposes. “Evil shall slay the wicked.”
(c) There is no escape from this misery. God can shut him in on all sides. When God sendeth trouble, who can give quietness? He can arm all the creatures against him, for they are ever ready to avenge the quarrel of their Creator. “If the man should flee from a lion, He can cause a bear to meet him; or if he goes into his house, and leans his hand on the wall, He can cause a serpent to bite him.” If he should “should flee from the iron weapon, the bow of steel shall strike him through.”
4. Sin is a great humiliation This is what it always comes to in the end, though it may reach it in different ways. It was a sad change for Israel from the days of Joshua! The invincible army that fought under that noble captain, before whom all the kings of the Amorites, with their mighty hosts, melted like water, had now fallen so low that they were unable to stand against one king and his army, but become an easy prey to a stranger from the far North-East. “How are the mighty fallen, and the weapons of war perished!” We see the people for whom the Lord burst the fetters of an Egyptian bondage now bowing their necks to the yoke of a foreign prince. “Their Rock had sold them, and the Lord had shut them up.” Those who went on “conquering and to conquer” were not only arrested in their course, but reduced to a condition of slavery, under the iron foot of a rough despot from an unknown land. How galling to those who were accustomed to the air of liberty, thus to be trodden upon as the mire!
II. The preliminaries of punishment. The tale of Israel’s history is exceedingly abbreviated, yet it is given so compactly that much lies on the surface and much more may be picked up without hard searching. There are certain instructive preliminaries which may be so gathered, thus:—
1. The grounds of punishment are clearly stated before it is inflicted. Not a drop of the thunder shower falls till it be fully proved that such a step is necessary. Before proceeding to send forth His judgments, God is careful first of all to vindicate His own character in adopting such a course of action. He will make it clear that, in the government of the world, no doing of His shall lead fairly to the conclusion, that He sometimes takes delight in sending out His arrows merely to show His power, though no provocation be given. He cannot lose His great name as a God—“slow to wrath, rich in mercy, who has no pleasure in the death of the wicked, and whose tender mercies are over all His works”—in dealing with men on the earth. (Eze_18:23; Eze_18:32, Eze_33:11; Lam_3:33; Psa_86:15; Psa_103:8, etc.; 1Ti_2:4; 2Pe_3:9.)
Hence, before a single speck appears in the sky to indicate the approach of a storm, a whole chapter is taken up with a careful explanation of the grounds of the Divine procedure (Judges 2), that “the Judge of all the earth” may “be justified when He speaks and clear when He judges.” Far more importance is attached to that in the general account given, than in the gathering or dispelling of the successive storms that broke over them. The capital charge urged against them is, that they forsook Jehovah, and went after other gods. This is fixed upon as the root evil—the one springhead from which all the streams of their evil practices flowed. They, as a people, had read backward the very first commandment of their sacred law; and their conduct is repeatedly and emphatically condemned (Judges 2 Jdg_3:2; Jdg_3:11-13; Jdg_3:17; Jdg_3:19; Jdg_3:5-7). There was reason enough in this one capital sin for all the rigorous dealing that follows throughout this book.
2. God waits long before He sends His judgments. The work of wrath is not that in which He delights. Had it been so, the terrible calamity recorded in Jdg_3:8 would have fallen much earlier. Yet a full generation has passed away since the last convocation, presided over by Joshua (Jdg_2:10). At the date of that meeting, symptoms of the cancer of idolatry had began to appear (Jos_24:23), notwithstanding the apparent earnestness with which the oath of fidelity was taken. Insidiously, but surely, that cancer kept working its way for some 30 or 40 years, until now “the whole head had become sick, and the whole heart faint, and from the sole of the foot, to the crown of the head, there was no soundness in it, but wounds and bruises, and putrefying sores.”
(a) God waited at every stage. When they showed so little heart in driving out the Canaanites, it was forseen that that would lead to fuller-fledged evils, yet their God waits to allow them a fair opportunity of shaking off their indulgence and “doing the first works.” When again they sat down among the Canaanites, and accepted them as neighbours, He still waited that it might be seen, whether there might not be several persons of a Lot-like spirit among them, who, with all his worldliness, still felt his “righteous soul vexed among them from day to day with their unlawful deeds.” And even when they went the length of intermarrying and so becoming amalgamated with these ungodly races, God waited to see whether they would not take alarm at the length of their own wickedness, and, shrinking back from the frightful precipice before them, would adopt the course of speedy and thorough repentance. Not till they had reached the climax of their evil course, and were actually mingling with all the abominations of Baalim and the groves, did God proceed to pour upon them the vials of His wrath.
(b) This waiting was in harmony with other occasions. It was not a solitary, nor even a rare case. Ten generations from Adam were allowed to pass, during which men’s sins were accumulating more and more, ere the old world was destroyed by a deluge. In like manner, ten generations from Noah were numbered, ere the fires of heaven came down on the towers of Sodom. What patience was exercised with the Canaanites! Though they had long sinned before Abraham sojourned among them, yet 400 years more must elapse ere the cup of their iniquity should be filled. Even Jerusalem, though so ripe in wickedness, that it could crucify the Lord of Glory on a tree of shame, has yet, after such an act, forty years of pause given to it, that it might “look to Him whom it had pierced and learn to mourn.” His character is to be “long-suffering” and “slow to wrath.” He does not proceed at once to punish, so soon as a case is made out, but He “waits to be gracious.” When men’s sins begin to cry out against them, He stops His ears for a time that He may not hear them. His sword hangs long in the scabbard, before it is drawn. He does not fly in the sinner’s face at his first provocation. The Jews were accustomed to say, that “Michael, the minister of justice flies with but one wing” and therefore slowly, whereas “Gabriel, the minister of mercy flies with two wings,” and therefore very swiftly.
3. God warns before He strikes. While the people were going on sinning, and advancing from bad to worse, the Angel-Jehovah, who had redeemed them from all evil hitherto, appears before them at Bochim, chides them severely for the past, and utters a solemn warning for the future. The marking out of so many nations for the purpose of testing and chastising them, was also a most expressive warning given of a coming catastrophe. Not more so was the building of the ark from day to day for so long a time, in the days of Noah. He publishes His anger long before He executes it, and when He does punish, it is in the manner and measure that He had threatened (Jdg_2:15; Hos_7:12).
Examples. The old world was warned by Enoch (Jud_1:14); by Methusalah (whose name, Bush says, signifies “he dies and it is sent out”—prophetic of the deluge, which happened in the year when he died); by Lamech, who had his eyes open to the coming calamity (Gen_5:29); and by Noah, the venerable “preacher of righteousness.” The famine in Egypt was foretold by Joseph. Repeated warnings were given to Pharaoh as to what would happen to him and his people, so long as he refused to let Israel go. The captivity of the ten tribes was predicted by Hosea and other prophets, and many expostulations were used. The overrunning flood of the Babylonian army, and the capture of the sacred city with the massacre of the inhabitants, were all announced beforehand by Jeremiah and others, and warning given that it was for long continued rejection of their God. There is, indeed, scarcely an instance of the infliction of the Divine judgments recorded in Bible history, which is not preceded by suitable warning given beforehand.
4. There is a climax in the Divine forbearance. Up to a certain point, He acts as if He saw not. Perhaps for a considerable time the thunders of heaven sleep, and the transgressors are not consumed. The wicked interpret this forbearance to mean that there is little harm in their conduct, or that God does not see, and will not require. “Because sentence against an evil work is not executed speedily, therefore the heart of the sons of men is set in them to do evil.” This misinterpretation usually is not allowed to continue long. “These things thou hast done, and I kept silence; thou didst think I was such an one as thyself; but I will reprove thee, and set them in order before thine eyes” (Psa_50:21-22). Though God does not punish sin as soon as committed, we dare not suppose that He is at any moment indifferent to it, or that any act of sin separately, as well as a course of sin, fails to excite His intense opposition to it. It is the yearnings of mercy in the Divine bosom that lead to the sparing of the sinner for a time, that means and opportunities may be granted for repentance, and not because the Divine anger does not burn against every transgression.
(a) The object of the silence. After sin is committed, there is a waiting for a longer or shorter period to show that God does not desire the death of the sinner, but is on the contrary intensely willing to save him. Hence the period of inactivity or forbearance which takes place between the date of entering on a sinful course, and the hour when retribution falls. That interval is filled up with calls, remonstrances, and arguments of all kinds to induce repentance. But
(b) All the while God’s anger burns against every sin in the series. When the object of the silence has been gained and there is no repentance, then the laws of righteousness must hold on their natural course, and the Divine anger, which has really existed all the time against the sins committed, must have its due display. However deep the Divine wish that the sinner should not perish, when that has been clearly established, regard must also be had to God’s great jealousy for the holiness of His character, and for the sacred order and purity of His moral government. Hence there is a limit to forbearance. A purpose is gained by it for a time, and another purpose, equally high and sacred, is gained by ceasing to forbear after a time.
(c) When forbearance ceases, it is not merely on account of the heinous nature of the last sin committed. That sin may be less criminal than many that preceded it, but it marks out the limit which Wisdom has determined for the display of mercy, and therefore doom comes with it. Regard is had to the whole series of sins in the list, for “God requireth that which is past.” The whole category of evil deeds, and the cloud of evil thoughts, are together before His eye. For nothing is forgotten till forgiven, and there is no forgiveness till there is penitence. It must ever be remembered that God looks to the whole of a man’s life when making a reckoning with him, and not merely to particular sins, however culpable these may be. “They consider not that I remember all their wickedness.” “God will bring every work into judgment, with every secret thing.”
Illustrations.—Pro_29:1; Psa_7:11-13; Rom_2:5; Mat_23:35-36; 2 Kings 17; 2 Chronicles 36.
Cases of Ahab and Jezebel; Pharaoh; the three Herods; Hophni and Phinehas; king Saul; Ahaz, etc.
COMMENTS AND SUGGESTIONS.—Jdg_3:7-8
A SPECIAL BRAND PUT ON ROOT SINS
Those sins which form the roots of other sins receive a special mark of condemnation on every page of Scripture. Each of these sins is like a upas tree that distils its poisonous influence on every side, and like the banyan tree it spreads itself in all directions.
1. Idolatry is a root sin, and is pointed out in these chapters as the all comprehensive sin of the people of God. Three times over in as many successive verses (Jdg_2:11-13) is this set forth as the leading and terrible iniquity of the people whom God brought out of Egypt. And all down the page it is condemned in the most pointed and solemn manner as implying in itself the very essence of depravity, and as giving birth to all manner of corrupt practices in the life. It was in its nature an apostasy from God—a forsaking the living and true God, and a violation of innumerable sacred obligations to love and serve Him; but it was also a giving that supreme place in the heart, which belonged to Him alone, to other objects the creatures oftentimes of their own impure imaginations and sinful desires. The restraints of sin were thus set loose, for the objects of their fealty and homage were in reality creations of their own wicked hearts. They imparted to their gods such qualities as would permit the gratification of their own evil desires, and so not only did they sin without let or hindrance, but their very religion was made up of the indulgence of those “lusts and passions which war against the soul.” What a long list of flagrant crimes and corrupt practices would be given, were that short statement expanded to specify all the details—“they served Baalim and the groves.”
Idolatry was thus a root sin. It led to multitudes of other sins, and it was the national “easily—besetting sin.” The most careful precautions were taken against it, and the most solemn utterances were made in denouncing its evil character. The very first precept in the Decalogue formally brands it. The second precept details the dreadful insult it offers to the glory of the Jealous God. By all the prophets throughout their history, God warned the people against it saying—“O do not this abominable thing which I hate!” The very spots where this sin was practised were to be destroyed and purged with fire (Deu_12:1-3). The sacrifice of little children either by immolation, or causing them to pass through the fire, was a frequent practice under this wicked system, and roused the Divine anger (Deu_12:29-32; Eze_16:20-21). All that might entice to idolatry, whether false prophets, brother, son, daughter, wife, or bosom friend, were on no account to be spared, but summarily to be stoned to death. (Deu_13:1-11 also 12–17).
But indeed there is scarcely a page which treats of the history of God’s Israel that does not single out this sin for emphatic denunciation as being the prolific source of many practical evils. The Book of “Deuteronomy” is full of warning against temptation to it. “Judges” records the sad issues to which its commission led The same thing is bewailed meditatively in many parts of the Book of “Psalms.” “Isaiah” strikes the keynote of severe condemnation in his second chapter. “Jeremiah” does the same at Jdg_2:13. While “Ezekiel” and “Hosea” throughout give melancholy pictures of the awful guilt contracted through idolatrous practices.
2. Unbelief, showing itself by disobedience, is another root sin which is severely condemned here. Unbelief itself is not expressly mentioned, because in a historical account it is more suitable to speak of deeds done in the conduct than of principles at work in the heart. But disobedience in the life had unbelief for its root in the heart. And unbelief again has for its root the alienation of the heart from God. For this sin the whole congregation that left Egypt perished in the wilderness—for “they could not enter in because of unbelief.” (Heb_3:8-19; Psa_95:8-11). For the same reason here the Israelites could not drive out the Canaanites. Jdg_1:19-36; Jdg_2:2. They could not do it, because they would not in faith go through with it. There was much latent disobedience; and on this the reproving angel puts his finger in the last quoted verse. “They would not hearken”—“they turned quickly out of the way”—“they did not obey the commandments of the Lord”—“they ceased not from their own doings, nor from their stubborn way.” All this is repeated again and again, and given as the ground of the terrible chastisement which followed.
This corresponds with the whole account given of unbelief throughout Scripture. It was by an act of unbelief or disobedience that man fell and lost all his earthly happiness. It is also by an act of unbelief that millions on millions lose heavenly happiness after having had a full offer of all the blessings of the great salvation. It is a root sin, as it lies at the root of all the disobedience to the Divine commandments which prevails in the world. The “works” on account of which the wicked shall be condemned on the day of account, all proceed from unbelief as their cause.
3. All other root sins are singled out for special reprobation. It is so with Pride, which is the cause of a whole brood of sins in practical life—jealousies, envies, evil speakings, hatreds, strifes, and all manner of offences against our neighbour, as also almost every sin that can be named against God. Selfishness also may be so reckoned, as it strikes against the golden rule, and saps the foundation of the fulfilment of all the duties we owe to our neighbour. We put down Covetousness in this list, for we are told that the “love of money is the root of all evil.” Lying also stands at the head of a long catalogue of crimes; and Deceit—Ambition—Ingratitude, with many others might be mentioned—all of which fall under a special condemnation as being the sources whence many other sins proceed.
SIN SURE TO FIND US OUT
These children of the covenant were now sitting at ease in the land of their inheritance, and supposing, notwithstanding their neglect of Divine commands, that they would never more see trouble, that they would “die in their nest, and multiply their days as the sand.” But their “condemnation slumbered not.” Sin has a cry, and that cry came up before God, calling for a reckoning.
“It often happens, that a man who has committed a crime takes his place secretly in a railway train, and is swiftly whirled away to the sea coast. But fast as he travels, there is something travelling faster, namely, the message along the telegraph wires; and when he hurries out at the distant terminus he is instantly grasped by officers of justice, who have been long in waiting. So God often meets startled sinners, who have been vainly trying to escape His notice and retribution.
There was a man who committed a foul murder in a Scottish castle on a young bridegroom, at whose marriage festivities he had hypocritically assisted. The assassin took horse in the dead of night, and fled for his life through wood and winding path. When the day dawned, he slackened his pace, and behold! he was emerging from a thicket in front of the very castle whence he had fled, and to which by tortuous paths, he had unconsciously returned, Horror seized him; he was discovered, and condemned to death. So however far and fast we may fly, we shall find ourselves, when light returns, ever in presence of our sin, and of our Judge.”
[Biblical Treasury.]
“A minister, preaching from the text, ‘be sure your sin will find you out,’ said, ‘If you do not find out your sin, and bring it to Calvary to get it pardoned through the blood of Jesus, your sin will find you out, and bring you to the judgment seat, to be condemned and made the object of God’s righteous displeasure. A young woman who had told a lie before she heard the sermon, thought within herself ‘Oh that lie! I must either find it and bring it to Calvary, or it will find me out at the great day.’ She was alarmed; the thought pursued her, till at length she was led to Jesus, and knew the joy of being forgiven.”
[Biblical Treasury.]
“We need a monitor to remind us that sin calls for a reckoning. A magician once presented a ring to his prince. This ring was valuable, not for the diamonds and rubies that gemmed it, but for a rare and mystic property in the metal. In ordinary circumstances it sat easily enough, but so soon as its wearer formed a bad thought, or wish, or designed a bad action, the ring became a monitor. Suddenly contracting, it pressed painfully on the finger, warning him of sin. That ring is conscience—the voice of God within us, the law written on men’s hearts, according to the scripture statement, ‘their conscience also beareth witness, and their thoughts the mean while accuse or excuse one another.’ ” [Guthrie.]
THE DANGER OF LEAVING ONE KNOWN SIN UNCONQUERED
“Sin is like ‘a serpent by the way—(Gen_49:17) an adder in the path.’ The reference in this scripture is to a very poisonous kind of viper with horns. It moves with great rapidity in all directions, forwards, backwards, and sideways. When he wishes to surprise one at a distance from him, he creeps with his side towards the person, his head averted, till measuring the distance he turns round and springs upon him. Sometimes he will lie in hiding for hours, till some one come within reach, when, watching his opportunity he will spring a distance of some feet to bite his hand or foot. He is called by the Orientals ‘the lier in wait.’ Pliny says it hides its whole body in the sands, leaving only its horns exposed, which being like grains of barley in appearance, attract birds within its reach, so as to become an easy prey.” [Russell’s Palestine.]
Sin is such a viper—stealthy in approach, and deadly in nature. So the Israelites found it to be, when they were allured by the hope of gain and other attractions to enter into league with the Canaanites. It was the one sin of sparing these wicked, which by degrees brought Israel to the frightful pass of becoming open and systematic idol-worshippers and practisers of all the abominations of the groves.
“Not a Canaanite was to be suffered to breathe. The taint of idolatry seemed to infect the very air of the defiled land; contamination breathed from the trees of its groves. If God were desirous of letting the whole human race drift away from Him into hopeless darkness, and to stultify all His promises, no surer plan for effecting these ends could have been taken than that of sparing this people. The Israelites had not pushed their conquest back into the fortresses and fastnesses of the hills, and in these were growing up and under training fresh troops of young warriors.
“So one unconquered sin often becomes a thorn in the side. We are not careful to make war on our sins in their fastnesses and breeding places—in the lurking places of thought and of our habitual tone. We do not believe that happy is he who dasheth the little ones against the stones. We do not grapple with and put an end to the young things that grow up to be strong and subduing sins. The result is that they become thorns in our sides. We may try to wear the thorn under our garment, and go about smiling as if there were not terrible havoc being made of our peace with God; we may wear it as the ascetic wears his spiked girdle under his frock; but it is there reminding us by pain and misery of our slackness in cleansing our life. One sin thus overlooked cleaves to us and makes itself felt—not a day passes but something occurs to give it occasion; it is a ‘thorn in the flesh’ cleaving to us in all companies, and at all times. Like a cruel foe, it sweeps off our best harvests. When we have made a goodly effort, and offered earnest prayer for a time, so that we seemed to bear fruit, the old sin comes in to cheat us of the fruit of long-continued exertion, and puts us back to the lowest point in the spiritual life. The whole weary work has to be begun afresh; as a land exposed to perpetual invasion, our life is left fruitless, and we have to go through again the same routine of ploughing and sowing.” [Dods.]
The vital point is not to break down the wall of opposition to sin at all. For it is much easier to avoid committing the first sin than, having been once guilty, to avoid going on to a course of sin.
Presumptuous sins are especially to be avoided, as being most provocative to God, and most perilous to ourselves.
MAIN HOMILETICS OF THE PARAGRAPH.—Jdg_3:8
III. The character of God’s punishments for sin.
1. They are inflicted with a weighty hand. The downcoming of that rough king from the region of “the two rivers” was, as if “the boar out of the forest” had been let loose on the vineyard of the Lord of Hosts, breaking down its hedges, and wasting it at pleasure. It was a sign that “the anger of the Lord had waxed hot against Israel.” When God proceeds to punish, it is done in a manner worthy of His own greatness. His great name must be vindicated. The weight of the infliction must correspond with the majesty of Him who sends it—whose law has been violated, and whose authority must be upheld. God is to be feared in His judgments (Psa_76:7). It must be seen, as by a flash amid the darkness, that power is really on the side of righteousness, and that sin has a terrible odds to contend with under the government of a holy God. It must also be left in no doubt, that, notwithstanding the greatness of His mercy, God cannot deal with sin as a trifling matter in the exercise of His moral government of the world; nor can He permit men to regard it as a thing which lightly touches their interests, and which a few tears can at any moment wash out.
(1.) Yet the weight of the infliction is great only according to a man’s estimate. It is never absolute. That is not needed, to produce on the minds of creatures a suitable conception of Jehovah’s majesty, and His jealousy for the spotless purity of His character. To do this, the mere putting forth of His finger will suffice. “The pillars of heaven tremble, and are astonished at His reproof.” Many similar wonders take place at His bidding. Yet all this we are told is “but the whisper of Him; the thunder of His power who can comprehend?” (קְצוֹת—borders, skirts, or extremities, as compared with the full body, or entire dimensions, Job_26:14). In anguish of spirit, the afflicted patriarch exclaims, that the mere touch of God’s hand had made him a spectacle of commiseration to all around him (Job_19:21). What then must have been the effect of the blow of His arm! Nay, he says again, “thine eyes are upon me, and I am not” (Job_7:8). David cries in distress. “Remove thy stroke, for I am consumed with the blow of thine hand” (Psa_39:10). When punishing His people in the wilderness, we are told, that “God did not stir up all His wrath, for He remembered they were but flesh, a wind that passeth away, and cometh not again.” (Psa_78:38-39). At other times language is used, intimating that God puts forth the greatness of his power in sending out His judgments, i.e., at man’s point of view it seems so. In speaking of the destruction of Pharaoh, and the redemption of the people, these are said to be done with a “strong hand, and a stretched out arm.” And when vengeance is taken on the Philistines for daring to profane God’s sacred ark, we are told, “the hand of the Lord was heavy on them of Ashdod, and it was very heavy on the men of Ekron” (1Sa_5:6; 1Sa_5:11). Also, when individual afflictions are felt to be severe, God’s hand is said to be “mighty.” “Humble yourselves under the mighty hand of God.” etc. (1Pe_5:6). It is clear that in all these cases, the weight of God’s hand is measured by the relative strength of man to bear it. What is to God insignificant, is to man overwhelming.
(2.) The measure of the infliction is determined by what will suffice to prostrate the soul before its God. Sometimes a mere touch of the rod will suffice to do this, as in the case of the good Hezekiah when he turned sick, and was threatened with death; that pious man was at once led to penitential tears and earnest prayers. A simple look will even suffice, as when “the Lord turned and looked upon Peter, he went out and wept bitterly.” But in dealing with incorrigible sinners, the rod must be grasped with a firmer hand. Emphatic evidence must be furnished, that the righteous Governor of the world “can by no means clear the guilty.” And, in the case of His own people, He will, if necessary, go the length of seeming to violate His holy covenant, and reject the people whom He had chosen rather than not subdue their rebellious spirit, lead them to genuine sorrow for sin, to unreserved confession, and a spirit of new obedience in the life.
(3.) The weight of Israel’s first great trial. The stroke was heavy. They are “delivered up into the hands of men,” and if “the greatest enemy of man be man,” their prospects at this moment might well be regarded with dismay. For the name of the agent employed to execute the purpose of the Divine anger—“Chushan of double wickedness”—whatever its precise import, was sufficiently prophetic of dark days and doleful nights, which they would have to spend for an unknown length of time in the iron grip of that unpitying monster. The sentence was—to be given up for an indefinite time, to become the victim of the wild caprices of this lawless freebooter, who was already the terror of all the East. In this man’s hands they were placed helplessly. That is the force of the expression, “the Lord sold them into his hand.” He who owned them gave them entirely over into his possession for a time, that he might gratify upon them all the savage instincts of his brutal nature, maltreating them as the veriest chattels, and wantonly treading them down as the mire of the streets. It was truly a sentence of “penal servitude.” The expression “they serve” meant much more than that they paid tribute. Where “might was right,” and moral principle was unknown, justice and humanity would alike be cast to the winds. Where barbarism and lust of power reigned unchecked, appeals against cruelty of dealing might as well have been addressed to tigers and hyenas, as to men accustomed to deeds of brutality and of torture. The condition must have been pitiable indeed, implying perpetual exposure to all manner of indignities shown and acts of injustice done, merciless treatment both for individuals and for families, the young and the old, as well as the active and the strong—a condition of grinding oppression, and of virtual, if not of literal slavery. “Their crops for which they toiled would be eaten by another; their goodly houses tenanted by their foes, and themselves turned into the street; their wives and daughters made bondwomen, and their sons made slaves; their national glory turned to shame, and their fondly-cherished hopes withered into despair.”
The bitterness of their distress may be judged from the fact, that a deep cry of anguish rose from every household all over the land, similar to that which was wrung from the groaning multitude in the brickfields of Egypt in the days of their/fathers, during the ever-memorable bondage. For the same word is used here as in Exo_2:23—יִּזְעֲק֚וּ—an utterance of great distress—shouting aloud for help—as the cry of children to their father when some ferocious animal is upon them. The same word is used in Jer_11:11, meaning—“however bitterly and earnestly they cry, I will not hearken.” For years they thus cried, until eight years were accomplished! Who can tell how much unwritten history is implied in this short statement! A history of robberies, murders, and bonds—of groanings under heavy exactions levied, and savage blows inflicted—of sighs breaking on the midnight air, and sleepless pillows bedewed with tears—of frantic shrieks raised to heaven for help, on the one side, and “souls weeping in secret places” on the other—A history of breaking hearts, and bruised limbs—of backs giving way under their burdens, and spirits fainting within from the extinction of hope—of loud but vain appeals to deaf ears, and steeled hearts—of spasmodic but fruitless efforts on the part of the feeble, to resist the ferocities of the strong—In one word, a history of tragic tales of desolated hearths, and heavy records of grief written over many a once happy home; while oppressions, cruelties, and wrongs, like a Marah sea were rolling all over the land. The dark prince of the house of Ham realised to the full his notorious character of “double wickedness,” in the double destruction which he dealt out to the descendants of the house of Shem, when a mysterious Providence granted him permission.
2. They are calmly inflicted. The statement in Jdg_3:8 seems to indicate, that the rod was used with great excitement of feeling. It is said, “the anger of the Lord was hot against Israel.” But this mode of speaking is used expressly in accommodation to men’s conceptions of God’s ways of acting. No such thing as agitation of feeling, far less tumultuous or passionate excitement, can ever consist with the real character of the King Eternal. In the Divine bosom there reigns, and ever must reign, an everlasting calm. Filling immensity with His presence; maintaining absolute control over all beings as His creatures, and over all events as possible to happen only by His permission; no other force being independently at work throughout the universe, but His volition—what can possibly transpire to excite any violent emotion in the bosom of our God! His own nature being in itself an infinite Majesty, it is beneath its mark to be liable to changes of feeling, such as is the common experience of a creature nature. Man yields to the impulse of events; his bosom heaves with excitement, and he is hurried along by the current of ungovernable feelings. But loss of self-command never can be predicated of the unchangeable Jehovah. The statement in Jdg_3:8 is, therefore, entirely the language of accommodation to human modes of thinking. God’s nature being infinitely holy—being in fact the fountain head and standard of all holiness, is ever in the fixed attitude of opposition to all sin. When sin is committed, this opposition is awakened, and receives a suitable manifestation. It is however, not the opposition of a dead mechanical law, but the feeling—the abhorrence of a Personal Being; yet exercised with all the instinctive force, and undeviating regularity of a natural law. It is invariable and constant in its action, exercised with all the intelligence and emotion of a living Person, with the wise and tender consideration of a Father, and with the high unswerving principle of a Judge.
3. They are impartially inflicted. God punishes idolatrous practices when committed by His own Israel, equally as when they appear in the conduct of the heathen nations round about them. To sin, in its own essence, He is irreconcilably opposed, by whomsoever committed. Against it His wrath invariably goes forth until satisfaction is given. “He is no respecter of persons.” In some respects, He hates sin more in His own people than in those who know Him not. In their case sin has peculiar aggravations. It is committed against clearer light, in the face of stronger remonstrances, in opposition to still more tender pleadings, in the abuse of peculiar privileges, and under the most sacred obligations to give an unvarying obedience. But in their case, the great fact is, that they have a “Daysman.” This fact, though in no degree diminishing the Divine anger against their sin, entirely alters the complexion of the Divine dealing with themselves; inasmuch as the office of the “Daysman” is to give full satisfaction for their sin, and to put them in a position in which they shall have as complete peace with God, as if they had never sinned. The idolatry of God’s Israel was equally heinous, and more so than that of the heathen around them, and would not less surely have issued in their final ruin, but for the interposition of a system of sacrifice and cleansing, whereby satisfaction was given to the Throne of Eternal Righteousness. To this hope the seed of Abraham were specially called; nor were any excluded from participation in the precious privilege, who complied with the requirement of faith and repentance.
4. They are irresistibly inflicted. God’s special visitations cannot be turned aside. The Israelites could not drive back this Mesopotamian king, though he was but one foe, and they had already in past times been “more than conquerors” over a whole confederacy of monarchs, who brought huge hosts against them in battle array. The mighty God of Jacob was then by their side, and all went down before them. Now He is against them and nothing prospers. Their weapons were the same, their natural courage was up to the mark, they could bring an equal number of men into the field—yet defeat was inevitable. Their God had abandoned them.—Nay, He had specially given them over into the hands of the spoiler, and no means that could be employed, could either secure a victory, or prevent defeat. He who had “exalted their horn” in the days of their allegiance, now “defiled it in the dust.” Those whom “He had lifted up,” He now “casts again to the ground,” and “causes men to ride over their heads.” When He appears upon His throne, what is seen is like a “jasper stone”—a colour of dazzling whiteness—and a “sardine stone”—or a fiery red colour. His spotless holiness, and His great jealousy, combine to sustain His character as the All-perfect One. When He moves forward to vindicate His name, “who would set the briers and thorns against Him in battle? He would go through them, He would burn them together.” “None can deliver out of His hand,”—no more than the tree can save itself from the fire.
5. They are sparingly inflicted. Less than might be expected from the grievous character of the sin committed—heinous ingratitude; the most obstinate disobedience; responding to the most earnest and affectionate pleading with hardness of heart and stubbornness of will. Sins in this world are always punished less than they deserve. The full desert of sin is reserved for the future state. The measure of punishment now inflicted, is only such as to indicate the kind of consequences which sin brings along with it, not the full amount of the penalty which it deserves. The purpose is to save the infliction of that penalty, by putting checks on sin, and showing the necessity of repentance. The infliction of the penalty is in itself a thing in which God finds no pleasure. “As I live, saith the Lord, I have no pleasure in the death of the wicked, but that the wicked turn from his way and live.” The infliction of the penalty He calls His “strange act”—that which is not congenial to Him, but against His natural desires—to which He is not inclined of His own promptings, without some reason of righteousness requiring Him to proceed to such an act.
Hence God’s first use of the rod with His people was lighter than it became afterwards. It was not so humbling to be subjugated by a stranger like this Chushan-rishathaim, as it was, afterwards, to come under the more galling yoke of those, whom they themselves had at one time trodden under their feet.
6. They are considerately inflicted. Wisdom, as well as love, presides over all the treatment which God gives to His people. Love prompts, and wisdom guides. No chastisement is inflicted blindly, or rashly. Every thing is considered from man’s point of view, as well as from God’s. There is no harsh disregard of human feelings, nor is the stern brow of the Judge seen so much, as the tender eye of the Father (Hos_11:3-4, etc.). Not only is the reasonableness and the equity of the law’s requirements looked at, but also the difficult surroundings amid which man is placed for obeying the law, the force of temptation with which he is beset, his infirmities, constitutional and otherwise, his weakness and ignorance, and any other element which requires to be taken into account to form a perfectly just estimate of human character and conduct. This is beautifully brought out in several touching passages in the writings of the prophets, e.g., Isaiah 63; Hos_11:1-4; Zec_1:12-17; also in several of the Psalms, such as the 78; 103; 105; and 106.
He always mixes more of mercy than of wrath in His treatment. The years of suffering are far fewer than the years of sinning which led to the suffering. “He stirred not up all His wrath,” “His mercies are great,” and “He afflicteth not willingly.” When the end can be gained without the direct use of the rod, it is not resorted to, and after recourse is had to it, it is immediately lightened when the purpose has been served. “I will not contend for ever, neither will I be always wroth; for the spirit should fail before me, and the souls which I have made (Isa_57:16, also 17, 18).”
7. They are inflicted in faithfulness. The whole nation might say, as well as the individual pious man, “I know that in faithfulness thou hast afflicted me.” God’s chastisements of His people are never harsh, nor even stern, but always faithful. Harshness implies disregard of our feelings, and this can never be predicated of our God. He never afflicts for the sake of afflicting, but for the purpose of serving holy and necessary ends. Sternness implies the want of tenderness; and this is never absent from the character of God, though its manifestation may be less prominent at one time than at another. It is always a Father that afflicts the people of God. But the Father is a Judge, and cannot forget what is due to Himself, both in His character and His law. Indeed, God’s afflictings of His people are true to every interest concerned—true to His own glory as a jealous, sin-hating God; true to His people’s well being; and true to His own word, both of threatening and promise. His anger in His chastisements is never in the strict sense vindictive, but is always exercised on the ground of righteous principle.
His chastisement of His people is—
(1.) True to His own glory as a jealous, sin-hating God. He must be faithful to Himself in preserving unsullied His own great name as “The Holy One of Israel”—who “is of purer eyes than to behold evil, and cannot look upon iniquity”—who cannot be the God of a sinful people without showing His marked displeasure with their sins, and sacredly enjoining them to “cast away their transgressions,” and “become holy as He is holy;” for “His eye is only on the righteous, and His countenance beholdeth the upright.”
(2.) True to His people’s well-being.
(a) Sin is a heart disease; and every one must be made conscious of “the plague of his own heart,” and be directed to look for Divine help in its cure (1Ki_8:38).
(b) Sin is a heavy burden—too heavy for the heart to bear even now (Psa_38:4), and sure to become greatly heavier if not removed. Bunyan, correctly makes his pilgrim say, “I fear that this burden on my back will sink me lower than the grave, and that I shall fall into Tophet.” Chastisement causes the soul to realise the weight of that burden, and shows the necessity of getting one to act as a burden-bearer. Scripture intimates, that “the Lord hath laid on Him (our Substitute) the iniquity of us all,” and that “Christ Himself bare our sins in His own body on the tree.”
“He seized our dreadful right, the load sustain’d,
And heaved the mountain from a guilty world.”
Taught by the chastising hand, the sinner is led to say—
“I lay my sins on Jesus,
The spotless Lamb of God;
He takes them all and frees us
From the accursed load.”
(c) Sin is the soul’s poison. Its very nature is to destroy life, as it is the nature of fire to consume. “Sin reigns unto death.” To live in sin; to commit it; even to touch it, is to die. Sinners are said, because of their course of life, to be “dead in trespasses and sins;” and, viewing it as a service, the only reward they receive for it is “death” (Eph_2:1; Rom_6:23). Means must be used to have this poison purged out of the system.
(d) Sin is the soul’s leprosy, loathsome, painful, and deadly; incurable by any ordinary means, and yielding only to the touch of the Great Physician.
(e) Sin is the venom left in the system from the bite of the old serpent. Chastisement prepares for the application of such means as shall expel that venom from the system; for then the ear is opened to listen to heaven’s remedy of the “sanctification of the Spirit, and the belief of the truth.”
Thus sanctified affliction is faithfulness to the soul’s well-being. It is the office of love to save a child from that which, if allowed to remain, would prove its ruin, as in the giving of medicine under a malady, or performing a surgical operation when life is threatened.
(3.) True to His own word of threatening and promise in the gracious covenant. The threatenings are in the interest of His people’s good, as well as the promises. As the gospel turns all curses into blessings to them that believe, so it turns all threatenings into promises. Hence, when He says, “You only have I known of all the families of the earth, therefore will I punish you for your iniquities.” (Amo_3:2), the threatening is really a promise of benefit made on the ground of friendship. Chastisement is indeed a specific blessing of the covenant, as much as the administration of a course of medicine would be to a sick child to save it from a fatal issue. It shows the wise care of an affectionate father. It acts as a check on the soul’s apostasy from God. It puts an arrest on the wayward tendency of the heart to forget God, and despise His authority. Hence the beautiful stipulation (Psa_89:30-34). God, in love to His children, “will not suffer sin upon them.” but chastens them now, that they may not be condemned with the world at last. So it is never said of the wicked that God deals with them by chastisement. “But if ye endure chastisement, God dealeth with you as with sons.” The wicked “He knoweth not.” But Israel is precious, and must be refined and preserved. The precious metal must be cast into the furnace that the tincture of alloy may be removed (Zec_13:9; Rev_3:19; Isa_1:25). The intention is not to destroy, but to purify; to purge, not to consume. “He chastens for our profit, that we might become partakers of His holiness.” Affliction is indeed love, taking a weird form of showing itself, corresponding with the malignant character of the plague it is intended to remove.
IV. The punishment set over against the sin.
It is important to bring the sin and its punishment before the eye in one view, so as to see how the one answers to the other as seed and fruit, or, as cause and effect. It is too common to look on God’s judgments as events standing by themselves, separated from their procuring causes, and to place them in contrast with what might naturally be expected from the hand of Him “who is love,” and “whose tender mercies are over all His works.” A difficulty is thus created, to account for the unexpected events that have fallen out under the government of a God of love. Doubtless if we keep our eyes half shut to the disagreeable truths of our sinful condition, we are not likely to come to a well-balanced view of God’s ways, and we shall find it hard to reconcile many of His providential dealings with His benignant character. But much of the difficulty disappears, when we look at the aggravated character of the sins, which preceded the judgment, and which rendered it absolutely necessary that such judgments should be inflicted. Though God is infinitely tender of the feelings of His creatures, He cannot allow a shadow of impurity to stain the administration of His Holy and righteous government. To maintain the purity of His own character, is necessarily with Him the first of all considerations.
In the present case, things had gone so far, that a shadow would have been cast on the honour of the Divine name, had something not been done to mark the Divine abhorrence of high handed sin. As an illustration of the extreme wickedness of the age, it may be mentioned, that this is generally supposed to have been about the period when the abominations of Gibeah, recorded in chaps. 19 and 20, and those of the tribe of Dan, referred to in Judges 18 took place. But, even if this were not the case, there were special aggravations in the fact of their lapsing into idolatry at all, and it is these we must now look at, as especially occasioning the national calamities. What were these aggravated features, and what punishment did God set over against them?
1. There was deep-seated unbelief on their part, and rejection of them by God. There is in every man by nature “an evil heart of unbelief, tending to depart from the living God;.” and now these children of the covenant showed it by their disposition to forsake the God who had done so much for them in the past, and to seek after the gods of the heathen round about them. If we compare the depravity of the heart to the primary rock system, or that which lies underneath all the series of strata of which a sinful character is made up, then the position of unbelief is that of the lowest of the palæozoic strata.—Or, if we regard the heart’s depravity as the protoplasm, then unbelief is the first organic form which that depravity assumes. From this arise aversion to God, evil thoughts of God, a spirit of rebellion, all manner of lusts and passions in the heart, and all manner of ungodliness in the life.
Here it was distrust that began the downward course. They had not confidence in their God, that He would give them certain victory over these mighty Canaanites. They were feeble while the enemy was strong. They looked to the arm of flesh. They did not trust in the power of their God to aid them effectually against all danger, notwithstanding all the examples He had given of what He could do, to overcome the most formidable opposition. Nor did they trust in His faithfulness to abide by His word of promise, that no man should be able to stand before them, while they were loyally engaged in the execution of His purposes. It was not for them to weigh consequences. Their only question was, What is duty? They were to see no difficulty when God gave the command. Their only thought should have been, how speedily and conscientiously shall we perform the commandment of the Lord. Whatever the strength of their adversaries, as compared with their own, it was an insult to Him, before whom “the nations were as a drop of a bucket,” to doubt whether He could make “the worm Jacob thresh the mountains.”
Their fundamental sin was the rejection of Jehovah as their sovereign, and this He meets by a temporary casting them off as His people. He not only stood aloof from them when danger arose, and no longer acted as their Rock, but “He sold them into the hand” of the enemy. He gave a commission to the destroyer against them. “As they had walked contrary to Him, so now He walks contrary to them.” They had “cast Him behind their back,” and now “He shows them the back and not the face.” He no longer dwells among them, but says, I will go and return to my place, till they acknowledge their offence and seek my face; in their affliction they will seek me early.” The expression, “He sold them,” implies that He handed them over into the hands of their enemies, as if He had no more any property in them, or concern about them. It was as if He had said, “Ye are not now my people, and I am not any longer your God,” or, as if He had said to the heathen, “Take them, and do as you will with them; they are yours, not mine” (see Leviticus 26 and Deuteronomy 28). [Pulp. Com.] Thus they could read their sin in their punishment. They were “left to eat the fruit of their own ways, and be filled with their own devices.” God said, “they are a very forward generation, children in whom is no faith; I will hide my face from them, and see what their end shall be.”
2. They sinned against their character as a holy people, and Jehovah treated them as if they were no longer holy. Their name was, in great condescension, associated with the great and holy name of Jehovah. The blood of the Covenant was sprinkled upon them. They were “a kingdom of priests,” and, throughout their whole history, were dedicated to holy services. They were appointed to show forth the praise of Jehovah in connection with glorious manifestations of His character that stretched down to future ages. In the conduct of a people so privileged, acts of disobedience were peculiarly heinous. Their sins were a profanation of their sacred position. It was like sinning against Jehovah in the Holy of Holies, as compared with doing any act of irreverence in the outer court of the Gentiles. Wilful sins on the part of God’s people have always a special aggravation in that they are brought so near to God, and bound by the most sacred obligations to show their allegiance. “I will be sanctified of all them that draw nigh to me.”
Jehovah now acts towards them exactly according to the character which they assume. He treats them as no longer a holy people. “He profanes the princes of the sanctuary, gives Jacob to the curse, and Israel to reproaches.” However dear they might be to Him as His redeemed and adopted children, “He delivers over His turtle-dove to the multitude of the wicked.” “He abhors His own inheritance and gives them into the hand of the heathen.” “The Lord God hath sworn by Himself saying, I abhor the excellency of Jacob, and hate his palaces.” Wherefore He “sold them” to a Hamite prince! Imagine the Holy One of Israel selling His Church as a slave, to a hard and cruel master, having more of the instincts of a wild beast than of a man! “Yea the Lord trod the virgin, the daughter of Judah, as in a wine-press; He covered her with a cloud in His anger, and did cast down from heaven to earth the beauty of Israel; He polluted the kingdom, and the princes thereof. All that passed by did clap their hands; they hissed and wagged their head, saying, ‘We have swallowed her up; this is the day that we looked for; we have found it, we have seen it.’ ”
3. They sinned in the violation of solemn pledges; and God acted towards them as if He had forgotten His solemn Covenant. At the foot of Sinai, when the Covenant was first publicly made with the people as a nation, they vowed solemnly in the sight of heaven, “All that the Lord hath said will we do and be obedient.” This Covenant was renewed under very solemn circumstances at the moment they were about to take possession of their inheritance (Deu_29:10-29). They were also a circumcised people, and so marked off for God. In all their national observances an implied pledge was given of their dedication to God’s service. This was especially the case in their three great festivals year by year. Most emphatic, too, was the manner in which they pledged themselves when Joshua took leave of them as their leader, and they were to be left alone to the trial of faith and obedience. All these pledges they had now violated; they had broken God’s holy covenant, and proved treacherous to their most sacred promises. They had become “a people laden with iniquity.” They were spiritual perjurers. And now God was saying to them, as He said to the congregation that grieved Him so long in the wilderness, “Ye shall know My breach of promise.” For “He made void the covenant He had made with them; He profaned their crown by casting it to the ground.” He had engaged to be their Rock; “the eternal God was their refuge, and underneath them were the everlasting arms.” And the exultant hymn was sung over them, “Happy art thou, O Israel! who is like unto thee, O people, saved by the Lord, the shield of thy help, and the sword of thine excellency.” But though He had thus pledged Himself to protect them, He now “gives them as sheep to the slaughter; He makes them to turn back from the enemy; He makes them a byword among the heathen; He sells them for nought; and makes them a scorn and derision to them that were round about them.” They were to all appearance cast off by their God. “He hid His face from them, and allowed many evils and troubles to befal them” (Psalms 44 and Deu_31:17-18).
4. They sinned in resisting repeated warnings: and now God hears them not after repeated cries. Never were a people more loudly warned of what terrible consequences must ensue should they enter on a course of disobedience and rebellion. The words of the great Legislator, in giving such warning, were like those of the mighty angel at whose call “seven thunders did utter their voices.” What heart, less hard than the nether millstone, could fail to be moved by the solemn appeals made in Deuteronomy 28, 29? Scarcely less spirit-stirring, and with like fidelity, are the addresses given on the same subject in the last two chapters of the Book of Joshua. To this has to be added the special warning given by the Angel-Jehovah in Jdg_2:1-5. Yet all this line of argument with the heart was resisted by the people, who now “forsook the Lord and served Baal and Ashtaroth.” They stopped their ears, and would not listen. Their sins were of the nature of resisting the strivings of the Spirit of God, and implied a hardening of the heart against His entreating voice (Isa_63:10).
When they began to cry to the Lord under their grievous oppression, they found the heavens above them to be as brass. God turned to them the back of His throne, and acted as if He heard not. He virtually said to them, “When ye spread forth your hands, I will hide mine eyes from you; yea, when ye make many prayers, I will not hear.” “You set at nought all my counsel, and would none of my reproof. Now also I will laugh at your calamity, and mock when your fear cometh,” etc. (Jer_11:14). In all likelihood, shortly after their oppression began, they began to cry; but not till eight years had passed away did God listen to them, so as to relieve them. That was after all but a short period, contrasted with the period of their sinning, which must have been twenty or thirty years at least; yet it would seem a long time to their sensations, when every day would seem a week, and every hour a day, under severe suffering.
5. They sinned by showing deep ingratitude; and God acted toward them as if He had lost all love for them, and would reason with them no more. Their whole history was full of remarkable scenes and episodes, of crises and junctures, setting forth in ever fresh form the workings of the Divine love on their behalf. To forget such a history seemed an impossibility. And yet so ungrateful did they prove, that “they quickly forgot His mighty works, and the wonders that He had wrought.” They acted as if they had no debt of obligation to their God. Amid the brightest beams of sunlight, they could see no claim that God had established on their love and new obedience. They were insensible, as the very stones, to “the great goodness of God toward the house of Israel, which He had bestowed upon them according to His mercies, and the multitude of His loving-kindnesses.” They turned a deaf ear to all the voices of these mercies in the past, and preferred to listen to the syren enticements of the false-god worship. Their sin was one of the deepest ingratitude.
Therefore God acted by them, as if He had given them up, and would reason with them no more. Ingratitude implies that love shown has been despised; and, according to the greatness of the love, was the guilt of this people. Now, therefore, He practically gives them up. “Ephraim,” notwithstanding all the arguments of the Divine love to draw him back, “was joined to his idols—now he is to be let alone!” “The bellows were burnt (through the long trying to take away the coarse metal), the lead was consumed of the fire, the founder had melted in vain.” Now they are held to be “reprobate silver, for the Lord had rejected them.” God said of them, “I have forsaken my house; I have left mine heritage; I have given the dearly-beloved of my soul into the hand of her enemies.”
All this representation must be understood as made from man’s point of view. It is only in that view that we can speak of any change of purpose, or breach of promise. To human eyes, God’s dealings with His people for a time had that appearance. But in reality “He kept truth with them for ever—His Covenant stood fast from generation to generation.”
COMMENTS AND SUGGESTIONS.—Jdg_3:7-8
PUT AWAY THE IDOLS
1. “God good to Israel” in requiring the idols to be put away. It is not kind dealing to let a man alone when under a deadly disease, or when hastening to cast himself over the precipice. But the wicked, after a certain measure of dealing which they have resisted, are thus let alone, in righteous punishment for their refusal to repent. “They have no bands in their death—they are not in trouble as other men.” After long and earnest dealing, such as to show that God has no pleasure in their death but ardently desires their salvation, while they still reject all the offers of Divine Love, God at last “gives them up to their own hearts’ lusts,” and allows them to sleep the sleep of death. But “blessed is the man whom the Lord chastens, and teaches out of His law.” The raid of the barbarian king was the Divine loving-kindness in a mystery.
2. It is a hard experience to have the heart purged of its idols. It is one of the “terrible things” by which “the God of our salvation in righteousness answers our prayers.” The penitent cries, “Create in me a clean heart, O God!” The wise love of the covenant God replies, “From all your filthiness, and from all your idols will I cleanse you.”
(1). In the furnace is it done. There the dross is consumed, and the genuine metal is made to shine with greater distinctness. For when the heart is put to the proof, the good principle, if it exists at all, is led to assert itself with more decision, and is quickened into fresh and more vigorous life; and as it gathers strength, the heart begins to slacken hold of its idols. When a man really good at bottom is pushed by force of circumstances to say, that he must either part with his convictions altogether, or carry them out with a more resolute purpose, he is roused from his temporary torpor, and through God’s grace shakes himself loose from those objects, which were competitors for his affections with his Saviour and Lord.
(2.) It is done by the bitter experience which the heart has of these idols, so long as it clings to them. All the enticements of sin—all the allurements of the world, are felt, even while in our hands, to be “a mockery, a delusion, and a snare.” So Lot felt, while actually possessing the rich plains of Sodom, that his “righteous soul was vexed from day to day with the wicked deeds” of those among whom he dwelt. And a similar experience had these Israelites when dwelling with the Canaanites that remained in the land. They were “thorns in their sides,” and “scourges” and “snares,” so long as they had to do with them.
(3). Also by the great miseries which idols bring on a man in the long run. Lot was ruined as regards this world. Solomon lost his God-given peace in his latter days. Jacob spent a great part of his life under an eclipse, on account of his idols, but being a man of great prayer and faith, his star shone out brightly in the end. Hezekiah, for idolising his treasures in the sight of the messengers of the king of Babylon, was assured that in the end these treasures would be all seized, and carried away as spoil by that rapacious monarch. David found that the two members of his family whom he had specially indulged and idolised, turned out in the end to be the two greatest miseries of his life—Absalom and Adonijah. Jehoshaphat very nearly lost his life at Ramoth-gilead, and afterwards had all his ships broken at Ezion-gaber, because he made an idol of his friendship with the house of Ahab. And these Israelites, who accepted the gods of the Canaanites, found ere long that “their sorrows are multiplied that hasten after another god.” All the flatteries of sin, and the promises of the world, after a short experience, not only sting with disappointment, but plunge the soul into untold grief, if not despair. By and bye, the really good man feels that he must cut off a right hand and pluck out a right eye, rather than having two hands and two eyes to be cast into the fire. At last he learns the folly of choosing any other object for his true and proper portion but God Himself.
(4.) The troubles of life generally help this result when sanctified. As the dashings of the wave preserve the salubrity of the ocean, and prevent its waters from lapsing into putrefaction, which a state of stagnancy would certainly produce, so days of trial, though unwelcome to flesh and blood, are most salutary for the purging of the good man’s character and advancing the work of sanctification, in view of entering heaven at last. It is dangerous for the Christian to get settled on his lees, but nothing is more beneficial for health than to be emptied from vessel to vessel.
THE AFFLICTIONS OF GOD’S PEOPLE ARE NEVER PENAL
This distinction is of the utmost importance. Israel being in covenant with God, none of the calamities which befell them at the hands of the nations round about were sent as a legal retribution for their sins before their God. Whatever the measure of their severity, they were but the chastisement of a wise and loving Father, with whom a foundation of peace had already been established. They were the corrections of the rod in a Father’s hand, not the vengeance of the sword in the hands of an angry Judge.
I. The people of God have a sin-bearer. Though alike unworthy with others, there is one provided for them “on whom all their iniquities are laid,” and by whom they are all borne away. What other meaning can be given to all the sacrifices so strictly required to be laid on the altar from age to age, through their whole history, by the covenant people? They were so many fingers that pointed down, through the long period of waiting, to the “Lamb of God,” whose offering should for ever “put an end to sin, and bring in everlasting righteousness.” The privilege of having such a sin-bearer as one’s own is, indeed, open to all, but it is only on those by whom it is accepted that the benefits are actually conferred—the people of God. This gives a new complexion to all God’s dealings with them. The sufferings which they endure in connection with their sins are not the legal punishment due to their sins, nor any part of it. That is already inflicted on a substitute, that they may go free. And this principle of substitutionary sacrifice is steadily kept in view from the days of Abraham, and onward—more visibly from the era of the Mosaic institutions and onwards—and forms the reason for God’s dealing with His people in the way of correction and discipline, and not of retributive judgment. Retribution being exacted on the substitute, there is no need to exact it also on the person of the offender. In the times of the Judges, there is, indeed, little or no reference made to the observance of sacrificial worship among the people, but God had established this system among them with great solemnity; and He Himself pays jealous respect to His own ordinance, whether the people do so, or not.
II. The unusual character of this arrangement. Many object to a proceeding so different from the ordinary course of law as to lay the punishment deserved on another different from the offender himself, and ask in wonder, Why should the innocent suffer for the guilty?” The reply is, that God Himself proposes to us this method for disposing of our sins. He Himself provides the substitute, and in the exercise of His prerogative as Lawgiver and Judge, He necessarily must endorse His own plan. The practical value of the plan is, that all who accept of this substitute receive the full benefit of His substitution, and every sin which they commit is counted to have been legally punished in Him (2Co_5:21).
When a rational creature violates the laws of God’s moral government, it is not for human reason to determine what should be done in the emergency—whether the laws are to hold on in their natural course by the infliction of death on the offender, or whether Mercy, in some form, is to come in to operate; and if so, in what form? That is a question where there are no fixed rules to guide us—where reason therefore has no vocation—where, indeed, it remains entirely with the good pleasure of the Lawgiver and Father to say what He wishes to be done. Our proper course in such a case is to cease to reason, and receive reverently the Divine testimony as to the method of dealing which He proposes to take.
But sin is something abnormal; we may expect therefore something abnormal in the means devised for disposing of it. And there is much about the method proposed, which marks it as above the sphere of reason to judge of it. Our duty is not to determine the question for ourselves, but to hear the voice of “Him with whom we have to do.” “Who shall lay anything to the charge of God’s elect? It is God who justifieth”—in the method proposed in the gospel. “Who is he that condemneth? It is Christ, who died”—as the substitute—not any ordinary subject of government, who required to obey the law for himself, and who had no power to give away himself as he pleased, because he was not himself his own property—but “it is Christ who died”—an extraordinay Person, and who therefore could meet the extraordinay condition of things—“yea rather, who is risen again,” etc., sure proof that the penalty has been exhausted, and that no more suffering work has to be gone through. Thus the Lawgiver is Himself the Saviour, and we rely on such a method as He has Himself devised to meet the case, on His own testimony.
III. The legal punishment due to His people’s sins already borne by their sin-bearer. The proper penalty of sin is of the nature of destruction, as opposed to correction or discipline. “The wages of sin is death.” The creature by sinning forfeits his existence, or all that properly constitutes life. He forfeits the smile of Him that made him, and falls under His frown; which means the loss of all possible happiness, and liability to all possible misery. For the smile or frown of his Creator is, to a creature made after his image, the sum total of all possible good, or all possible evil. Such a creature, losing the image of God, and so becoming depraved, or, disobeying the will of his Creator, and so ceasing to serve the purpose for which he was created, according to all rules of righteousness, forfeits his existence. But the principle of a substitute being admitted, that substitute undertakes all the sinner’s liabilities, and suffers death under the frown of the Lawgiver. This is what Christ did. In the room of sinners He endured the full force of the Divine frown against their sins, as an exhibition of the treatment which they deserved; and so infinite in its grandeur is that exhibition, from the fact especially that the Person who was chosen to act as substitute was Divine, as well as human, that nothing farther is required as an expiation for any number of sins, or for any class of sinners. It is the unspeakable privilege of all who trust in Christ as their substitute, that the full effect of what He has done to vindicate the purity of the Divine character, and the honour of the Divine government should be regarded to them as if they had done it personally, seeing it was done expressly in their stead, and with the intention of being for their benefit. Hence the precious statement, that “Christ is the end of the law for righteousness to everyone that believeth.” In Him to whom they are united by faith so as to become one with Him, the full desert of their sins has been suffered—of all their sins whatever the number, and there now remains no more any penal consequences for those terrible sins! Who can estimate the magnitude of such a privilege?
IV. What then is the precise character of the afflictions of the people of God? Are they not caused by sin—the consequence either of overt acts committed, or of sin still lingering in their hearts? If so, why should they not be regarded as the proper punishment of sin? If they are called chastisement, how does that differ from proper punishment?
1. Legal punishment is the expression of the Divine wrath directed against sin, bearing death to the sinner. It implies that in giving to sin what is its due, the whole weight of the Divine displeasure must come down upon it, which can result in nothing but destruction to the creature, and that this in fact is the creature’s desert because of his sin. We do not suppose for a moment that God hates any creature that He has made merely as a creature, It is not in His nature to do so. But when a creature cherishes sin, commits sin, and clings to sin, notwithstanding every argument used to induce him to separate himself from it, then He must bear the expression of the Divine wrath which necessarily goes forth against his sin. Thus, punishment is the expression of judicial anger directed against sin, giving to it its due desert in utter destruction. As opposed to this, chastisement is the expression of fatherly displeasure, needed to convey to the child proper views of the evil of his conduct, to show the deep offence given to the father, and to point out the necessity of amendment of ways. It is all in the way of correction, reformation, or discipline, and not of retribution.
2. In chastisement, whatever the sufferings be, they are always partial and limited, never going the length of destruction, but only intended to correct and improve. In marking the difference between retribution and chastisement, God says, “I will make a full end of all the nations, yet will I not make a full end of thee; I will correct thee in measure” (Jer_30:11). And again He says, “I am very sore displeased with the heathen” (i.e., for what they did in afflicting Israel) “for I was but a little displeased, and they helped forward the affliction.” In showing His anger against His people, He never goes the full length of what they deserve. It is never a penal infliction (Zec_1:15). Perhaps it is in this sense that the expression is used. “Jerusalem hath received at the Lord’s hand double for all her sins” (Isa_40:2)—according to the rule of expressing only fatherly displeasure against His own people, not judicial wrath. The sufferings are limited, not being the expression of the full amount of what is deserved, but being intended to correct and improve.
V. The purpose served by these afflictions.
1. To keep alive in their minds a reverent sense of what is due to God’s character and law. Being yet but very partially sanctified, and the old roots of evil being still strong in their hearts, there is the need of some powerful restraint on the outbreak of evil, in view of the fact that they are entirely freed from the penal consequences of sin. They must learn to “stand in awe, and sin not.” They must be taught the profound reverence which is due to the character and the law of their God—that “great fear is due unto His name,” and that profound regard must be had to His authority in all that He requires—that there must be no transgression of His holy commandments, and no trifling with His merciful forbearance—that right conceptions must be kept up of what is due to His Infinite Majesty and unsullied Holiness, and that there must be no slackening of His Divine authority. It is all-important to notice that in the manner in which this lesson is taught, mercy is so much mingled with judgment, that the element of harshness is entirely eliminated from the dispensation, so that it wears the soft aspect of a chastisement, and not the stern appearance of a retribution.
2. To teach them the offensive and deadly nature of sin. Though forgiven for the Redeemer’s sake, they must be taught that sin covers the Divine face with anger, puts a stop to intercourse with God, and prevents the outflow of Divine blessings. The bitter nature of sin must be seen in the bitterness of its fruits. They must see that sin from its very nature leads to grief and sorrow, and but for the mercy of God in the gospel arrangement, would inevitably lead to their ruin. They must realise that they cannot sin with impunity, for the “end of all sinful ways is death.” And especially they must understand, that by the Gospel itself they cannot be saved, if they were to continue in sin; and that its whole drift and bearing is to save them from sin itself as well as from its consequences.
3. To impress on them the great duty of cultivating personal holiness. “He corrects us that we may become partakers of His holiness.” “He prunes the branches that they may become more fruitful.” (a) They remind of the extreme inconsistency of sin in a child of God. Every affliction as a bitter fruit of sin teaches, that it is not for one that is born of God to commit sin—that his practice in so far as he indulges in sin is most incongruous with his calling. He is kindly but pointedly told that “the flesh must be crucified with the affections and lusts” in the interest of the sanctification of the soul. He is reminded of the great law of the new life, that, in becoming Christ’s, he is “dead to sin.” And “how shall we, who are dead to sin, live any longer therein?”
(b) They prevent the heart from fixing on earthly objects. They break our cisterns which we would fill with earthly joys; they wither our gourds, or fond earthly comforts; they destroy our idols which we would place in the room of our God; they dry up our earthly streams, and lead us to look away to the fountains of living water which Christ has opened up, and to look for our rest under “The shadow of the great rock in the weary land.” They form checks and disappointments to us in our earthly pursuits and hopes, that we may learn that all earthly objects in the end prove to be “vanity and vexation of spirit;” that there is no true happiness but in God, and no home but in heaven.
(c) They lead to the subduing of the evil passions and corrupt propensities of the soul. Afflictions, especially all great trials, which lift a man quite off his feet, when “the floods come in unto his soul,” teach a man most effectually his great helplessness, and feebleness. Thus the foundations of pride and self-sufficiency are shaken, and he learns better the lesson of “not thinking more highly of himself than he ought to think.” The heart of stone is in a condition to become a heart of flesh. There is less of the obstinate self-will, and more of the obedient ear and willing mind. The imperious will is broken, and there is more of “the meekness and gentleness of Christ.” The spirit of patience and submission prevails, and realising the hallowing influence of the Divine dealings, he begins to say, “It was good for me that I was afflicted.”
(d) They reveal to the soul the low mark of its piety. No light is so true by which the soul may test its real character as that of the fires of affliction. There the magnifying influence of self-flattery disappears, and the meagre attainments are seen in their proper proportions. A faithful voice warns the soul to the following effect: Is it fit that one, who is “risen to sit with Christ in heavenly places,” who has been called to live in a Holy world, to breath a Holy atmosphere, to be the associate of Holy companions, and to spend existence in Holy pursuits—should live here at so low a mark of personal piety, should walk so closely on the borders of sin, and make such a poor appearance of the fruits of righteousness in the practical life. Is it seemly that a man who professes to be linked by a tender tie, and linked inseparably with the only-begotton Son of God, who is honoured with His pure fellowship and enjoys His Almighty guardianship, and who is at last to dwell with Him in His home, and share with Him in His joys and honours, should spend his religious life now in a state of languor and gloom, as if “scarce half he seemed to live, and were dead more than half,”—is it fit that such a man should lead a life which is scarcely above the mark of those who are content to grovel among the things of time and sense? O how unbecoming for one who is destined to wear priestly robes of fine linen, white and clean, to be found wallowing in the mire and pollution of the horrible pit out of which he has been drawn! It is little worthy of the heir of untold treasures in the skies, to spend so much of his time and his energies here, in grasping at the dross and the dust of this earthly scene. It looks ill to see a man who has so large an interest in eternity looking with too keen an eye on the few pebbles he may be able to pick up on the shores of time. What a coming down from his high standpoint is it for one whose destiny is brighter than that of a seraph, to be ever complaining of the few trials that are mixed up with his lot in this his temporary dwelling-place?
(e) When sanctified, the afflictions of God’s people lead them to aim at a higher mark of the Christian life. Warned by their sufferings that their time on earth is so short on the one hand, and that the Christian life is the only true life, on the other, they give themselves more sincerely and devotedly to secure the aims of that life. Voices around them seem to say, “Why should one with such prospects as yours live like the drudges of Satan, or the slaves of sin?” “Are you called to be an heir of glory, though equally undeserving with any worldling by your side, and will you not show your gratitude by cultivating a tone of speech and temper of mind, far above that of the grovelling earth-worm? How careful of its speech should that tongue be that is soon to sing so sweetly, and so loudly, the praises of redeeming grace! How high should those feet be lifted above the pollutions of the world, which are ere long to tread the streets of pure gold like unto transparent glass! How pure a sanctuary should that heart be which is destined to become for ever the dwelling-place of the Lord of glory! How clean should those hands be that are dedicated for ever to Temple service! How rapidly should that race be run which leads to a weight of glory! How manfully should that battle be fought, which, you know, shall end in the crushing of every enemy, and gaining a complete and everlasting triumph! Lay aside, then, all weights, and run with patience the appointed race; fight prayerfully the good fight, and soon you shall be a conqueror and more.”
AFFLICTIONS COMING FROM THE HAND OF GOD, AND FROM THE HAND OF MAN
All affliction to God’s people comes either as directly sent by Him, or expressly permitted by Him. “Shall there be evil in a city, and the Lord hath not done it?” There is a difference between trouble as sent directly from God’s hand, as in the case of famine, pestilence, or the earthquake, and trouble as sent through the agency of man, as in the case of being delivered up into the hands of enemies of our own race. David had experience of both ways, and decidedly preferred the former, when he must choose the one or the other (2Sa_24:14). What is the difference between the one mode and the other, that there should be a ground of preference? The following considerations will help us to judge how much better it is to have our afflictions coming directly from the hand of God, than coming through the agency of man:—
I. On God’s side there is always much cause for sending the affliction; on man’s side there is little, and often no reason. To God we are responsible for the whole of our moral conduct. In the whole domain of conscience it is “with Him we have to do;” and before Him we have contracted a debt of more than ten thousand talents, so that there is the highest reason to expect He would send upon us the severest use of the rod. But to man we are not responsible at all in the province of conscience; and though we owe him many duties of love and kindness under the second table of the law, it is not to him we have to answer for the manner in which we fulfil these duties, but to God, whose subjects alone we are. Man, indeed, is at best only a subject himself, and not a governor; and he only goes out of his place when he presumes to take any part of the moral government of the world into his hands. Besides, such debt as we owe to man is relatively less than one hundred pence, and therefore trifling compared with what we owe to God. David had grievously sinned against both Uriah and Bathsheba; yet, so much greater did his sin seem which he had committed against God, that he speaks of it as his only sin (Psa_51:4).
II. God never errs in the judgment He forms of men’s characters and conduct; man is often and greatly mistaken. “The eyes of the Lord run to and fro through the whole earth—His eyes behold, His eyelids try the children of men—there is not a word in my tongue but thou knowest it altogether; thou hast beset me behind and before—He knows what is in man.” He is the Author of that word which “discerns the thoughts and intents of the heart.” In prayer He hears the thoughts of the heart, whether “uttered or unexpressed.” He cannot therefore in any case inflict an unrighteous sentence, either by punishing the wrong person, or punishing where there has been no fault at all, or punishing in excess of the actual requirements of the case when fault has been committed. “The Lord is a God of knowledge, and by Him actions are weighed.” There is never a disturbance of the exact balance of justice when measuring out to men what is due, on the account of not knowing the exact merits of every case. If there is any such disturbance, it is all on the side of mercy to the offender.
Man, however, is often hasty, rash, and greatly mistaken in his judgment of the conduct, as well as the character of his fellow man. His knowledge of the case is always limited—the motives from which his fellow may have acted, his precise intentions in the case, the circumstances in which he was placed, his ignorance of what was duty, and many other elements which must be taken into account in forming a complete judgment. Thus afflictions coming from the hand of God are greatly in contrast with those coming from the hand of man, because in the one case there is a perfect knowledge of every element, and feature of character and conduct while in the other there is always imperfect knowledge, and sometimes serious errors of judgment all through.
III. God is never actuated by any unholy spirit in His judgment and dealings; while man is liable to be swayed by many selfish and evil passions. God always acts from principle, with some holy and wise end in view. No such elements as prejudice, ill will, or evil passion of any kind can exist in the Divine mind, from the very necessity of His nature. “God is light, and in Him is no darkness at all.” Neither can a spirit of revenge find a place in His bosom, for there is no foundation for any such feeling in His nature as God. He is therefore always calm and measured in the afflictions He sends on His people. He also exercises great tenderness of dealing and wise consideration of all the circumstances—“staying His rough wind in the day of His east wind, “correcting in measure,” “not always wroth, lest the spirit should fail before Him,” causing the “weeping to endure but for a night and bringing joy in the morning,”—“with the trial making a way of escape.”
With man on the contrary there is often a spirit of malice and revenge, a desire to oppress or crush, or a desire to exalt himself by the humiliation of his neighbour—it may be, a desire to rule over his neighbour, and to make profit by his loss. Or there is often the harbouring unjustifiably of evil thoughts, which have only an imaginary foundation, or a very slight foundation in fact—an evil interpretation of appearances which are susceptible of a satisfactory explanation, with many such feelings to warp the judgment, and bring down affliction unrighteously.
IV. God always thinks of a wise and merciful result; man is often inconsiderate and regardless of consequences. “Happy is the man whom the Lord correcteth, for though He cause grief He will have compassion according to the multitude of His mercies, for He doth not afflict willingly,” etc. It is really for the best interests of the soul itself that He proceeds with the work of chastisement to cure of worldliness, of pride, of backsliding, of some easily besetting sin, or to quicken diligence, zeal, devotedness, self denial, godliness, or some other element of the Divine life. The soul itself often vindicates the hand that smites it by saying, “I know that in faithfulness thou hast afflicted me.” But man, when he has the opportunity to afflict, is often capricious in his acts as well as in his judgments, proceeds with blind indifference, if not intentional cruelty, is indiscriminate in his strokes, and is sometimes even reckless as to results, provided only his own purposes can be carried out.
V. God is more easily entreated by the voice of prayer. Though Ephraim was an incorrigible offender and seemed for the most part unmoved when even “hewed” with the strong words of God through His prophets, the moment he turns again, the ear of his God listens—“I have heard—I have heard Ephraim bemoaning himself thus, ‘Thou hast chastised me and I was chastised—turn thou me and I shall be turned’ ” (Jer_31:18, etc.). Amid all the stern work of the captivity, the afflicting God was yet the Saviour, and assures them, “Then shall ye call upon me, and pray unto me, and I will hearken unto you. And ye shall seek me and find me when ye search for me with all your heart.” So it was with Saul of Tarsus. The moment he repents and lifts his cry to heaven, the exalted Saviour listens, and says of him, “Behold he prayeth!” Similar assurances are given of God’s willingness to be entreated under the afflictions of the rod (Psa_50:15.; Mat_18:27.; Jas_5:13.; Psa_34:4; Psa_34:6, etc.). Man, however, is so different, that he may hear our cry to-day, and be deaf to all entreaties to-morrow; when the case may be most reasonable he is most impracticable; and what he does give the hope of doing at one time, he will fail to fulfil when the period arrives. His decisions are regulated by caprice, or convenience, and not by justice or the kindness required by the golden rule.
HATRED OF THE WORLD TO THE PEOPLE OF GOD
Of this the incursions made by the heathen nations from time to time were striking illustrations. Their purpose was thus expressed—“Come, let us cut them off from being a nation, that the name of Israel may be no more in remembrance.” The confederacy is given in Psa_83:5-8. They specially disliked the God of Israel, because He could make no peace with their gods, nor even tolerate their very existence. The people too dwelt alone and did not commingle with the other nations, but observed religious customs and manners different from all others. Moreover the God of Israel had been most severe in inflicting overthrow and calamity on all the nations that came in contact with that people. In this we see a type of the hatred which the representatives of the world cherish to the church and people of God.
I. This hatred has always existed. The case given in this chapter is no solitary instance of God’s people being hated by the world, and of a conspiracy being formed for their ruin. This spirit of antagonism was foreshadowed by the case of the “woman’s seed,” and the “serpent’s seed.” On this principle Cain hated Abel (1Jn_3:12), and the apostle adds “Marvel not if the world hate you,” for many reasons which he specifies. The child of the bondwoman did persecute the child of the free (Gal_4:29). Pharaoh and his people tried to crush the infant Church in Egypt—in its cradle; so did Herod seek to destroy the child Jesus. The king of Moab sent to the famous soothsayer among the mountains of the East, saying, “Come curse me this people.” And all through the history of that people, the nations were ever glad when they could get an opportunity of giving a deadly thrust to Israel. The same feeling still prevails and always has prevailed between the world and the Church. The weapons employed have been persecution in all its forms, where that was possible. And when not practicable, all kinds of oppression, unjust and harsh dealing, detraction and slander, proscription, raillery, revilings, and reproaches.
II. This hatred has a deep root. The world hates the image of God, wherever it is seen. Birds of the night hate the sun. Christ says, “Ye know that the world hated me before it hated you.” And again He says, “Me it hateth because I testify of it that the works thereof are evil.” Indeed no two personalities are more antagonistic than Christ and the world. It is the opposition of the embodiment of sin, to the personification of all holiness. The owls and the bats flee from the morning beam. The fifth angel poured out his vial on the seat of the beast, and his kingdom became full of darkness, and they gnawed their tongues for pain. Thus bitterly did they resent it. So when the enemies heard Stephen preach, “they gnashed on him with their teeth.”
III. Christ gives complete victory over the world’s hatred. “In the world ye shall have tribulation, but in Me ye shall have peace.” While the world is doing its utmost to cause trouble, Christ, working more mightily still, is at the same moment producing peace. There is more in Christ’s smile than in all the world’s frown. Madame Guyon, who suffered severely on every side, from an unhappy union in marriage, from the loss of children and friends by death, from the alienation of affection by calumny, from persecution for the truth’s sake—thrown first into one prison, then into another, then into a third, then into a fourth, and finally banished from her home till she died—was yet oftentimes in heart overflowing with joy, because of the peace of Christ. “Oh,” she cries, “the unspeakable happiness of belonging to Jesus Christ! This is the balm which sweetens all pains. The satisfaction and joy I feel in being a prisoner, and in suffering for Christ, are inexpressible. I seem like a little bird which God has placed in a cage with nothing to do but to sing.” Her prison walls grew warm as she literally sang for joy. So felt Paul in the Roman dungeon. Alone—unbefriended—unsuccoured, this was yet the happiest man in Rome. Among the millions within her wide Walls, not another heart was so buoyant with hope, so lifted up with joy. That dark and cheerless cell was his last resting-place on earth. Soon his feet should stand within the gates of the New Jerusalem. One of the loftiest seats around the throne should soon be his. One of the sweetest songs in the land of joy should soon be raised by him. Shielded by such a faith, animated by such a hope, he rose above and beyond all the horrors of is condition. His afflictions became light, and lighter still, until he felt them not at all. So, too, it was with Bunyan in Bedford jail. And thus it was with a long line of martyrs in every age. “The Christian is fed by Christ’s hand, carried in His heart, supported by His arm, nursed in His bosom, guided by His eye, instructed by His lips, and warmed by His love. His wounds are his life, His smile the light of his path, the health of his soul, his rest and heaven here below.” [Balfern.]
The world is a vanquished enemy—it is crucified to the Christian, and he to it.
MAIN HOMILETICS.—Jdg_3:9-11
V. The salutary effect of the Divine Chastisement.
“They cried unto the Lord.” Here, in a small nut, we have a large kernel. In all parts of Scripture we are ever coming on unexpected riches, if only we look carefully, and dig deeply. How many thoughts all apposite are wrapped up in this short statement! It teaches the following truths:—
I. Severe chastisement awakens from the sleep in sin. All these many years, they had been living without any proper sense of the evil of their conduct, in leaving off the worship and service of the covenant God, bowing down to idols, and practising systematically known sin. They had been acting as men who were buried in deep slumber. They had become dead to all sense of guilt, and were unconscious of the clouds of wrath that were rapidly gathering over them. Now with rough, but kind hand, they are awakened, and begin to realise, the first time for many years, the aggravation of their sin, and the magnitude of their danger. “Those who would hardly speak to God in the day of ease, now cry to Him with importunity.” [Henry.] Sin leads a man to shut his eyes, that he may not be startled by looking at the wickedness of what he is doing, and to shut his ears, that he may not hear the condemning and warning voices, that are uttered respecting his conduct. By continuing often thus to close both eyes and ears, while the practice of sin goes on, his insensibility grows until it becomes practically a deep sleep.
To be awakened out of sleep is the first beneficial effect of severe chastisement. The sinner comes to know how things stand between him and his God. Sin is seen to be a gift presented by man’s enemy to lure on to man’s ruin. It is a Trojan horse introduced into the soul, full of armed men, and of the instruments of death. It is seen to be a thing serious enough to awaken the thunders of justice, or to bring an earthquake after it as a natural sequence. Every act of sin is felt to be equally solemn with the first act, at the commission of which the poet says,
“Earth felt the wound, and Nature from her seat,
Sighing through all her works, gave signs of woe
That all was lost.”
2. It shows the folly of trusting to one’s own resources against the day of trial.
(1.) Men are ever disposed to pride themselves on their own sufficiency. They boast of their physical strength, or their mental endowments, their stores of knowledge, their skill, tact, social influence, high position, or great possessions.
(2.) In the day of trial these are found to be broken reeds. The Israelites had doubtless their well-smoothed arguments for justifying themselves in their evil course. Yet when the shock of calamity actually came, they were undeceived in a moment. It was an experience they had not thought of. It seemed as if a rock had fallen upon them, and they felt crushed under it. They felt themselves to be entirely helpless. A more bitter cry could not have been raised if the whole nation had been put upon the rack. When they thought of the brave days of old, they fancied themselves equal to any emergency, and trusted accordingly. They had long enjoyed the prestige of being more than a match for all the nations of Canaan, north and south—none had been able to stand before them. And who was this proud bison from the prairies of Mesopotamia, that he should advance against a nation of heroes, that knew no defeat in a hundred fights, under the captaincy of the noble Joshua? Had they not good reason to be self-reliant and dauntless?
(3.) But they were unmindful of the real source of their strength. Vainly assuming that in their own arm slumbered the prowess that overthrew the Canaanite, they counted that the future would be as the past, though “they had forsaken the God who made them, and lightly esteemed the rock of their salvation.” It was thus they met the foe, and, as might have been anticipated, they went down before him as the frail reed before the rushing cataract. Now we see them floundering helplessly in the gulf for a period of eight years, and, with their eyes at length opened to their extreme wretchedness, they come back, with a wailing cry, to Him from whom they had so guiltily wandered.
(4.) This self-trust proceeds from self-ignorance. In the day of peace, men are confident and boastful, while as yet they have not measured their strength with the forces they shall have to contend with in the time of trouble. When they “prosper in the world and increase in riches, they speak loftily, and their tongue walketh through the earth.” “The wicked man saith in his heart, I shall not be moved, I shall never be in adversity. The Lord shall laugh at him, because He seeth that his day is coming.” Men may, for a time, be great in power and wealth, like the vine planted by the waters, which is fruitful and full of branches; they may have strong rods as sceptres of influence in society, and their stature may be exalted among the thick branches, yet if they have neglected to prepare for the great trial of the future, the hour is approaching when they shall be plucked up, and cast to the ground—the east wind drying up their fruit, their strong rods broken and withered, and the fire consuming them (Eze_19:10-12).
3. It shows that idols are worthless as a refuge.
(1.) It is an instructive fact that throughout their entire history the people of Israel never apply to their idols for help, when they get into deep waters. In Elijah’s day, when the tide of idolatry was at its high-water mark, we do indeed hear the cry raised, “O Baal, hear us!” but it was not the people themselves who raised it. King Ahaziah did send to enquire of “the god of Ekron,” as to his cure from the serious injury he had sustained. But he was a son of the wicked Jezebel; and this must be held to be an exceptional case. As a rule, conscience was so far awakened by the occurrence of stern trials, that the make-believes of their hypocrisy were dissipated, and they fell back on their sincere convictions. Days of crushing sorrow proved too clearly that “other gods were but dumb idols,” and that confusion must be the portion of “those who serve graven images” (see ch. Jdg_10:13-15; Jer_2:28; Isa_10:3). “Idols are the work of men’s hands, but our God is in the heavens” (Psalms 115).
(2.) Examples.
Wolsey made an idol of his king, and was cruelly deserted by him at the last. He died with the bitter confession on his lips, that “had he served his God as faithfully as he had served his king, he would not have forsaken him in his grey hairs.” Haman made an idol of worldly honour, but that did nothing to save him when he fell under the wrath of the king. Lot made an idol of his worldly possessions, but he lost them all, and barely escaped with life itself, in the flood of ruin which overwhelmed Sodom. The same truth is illustrated in one of the parables given by the Saviour; and any representation of truth made by Him, even in parable, must be held to be equally correct with any recorded fact of history. The rich man “whose grounds brought forth plentifully,” and who so idolized his wealth that he “resolved to pull down his barns and build greater.” did not on that account save himself from the doom then impending over his head. Judas Achan, Demas, Simon Magus, Ananias and Sapphira, all made idols of this world’s wealth or good things, yet they are all witnesses that idols are worthless as a refuge in the day of trial. Even religion itself, if it is idolized simply as a fashionable religion, will not prove a refuge in the hour of trial. It has been told recently of a man, in a country district, that he walked habitually four miles every Lord’s Day in order to hear a living gospel preached in an humble edifice, though his house was within a few yards of a large and fashionable church, to which multitudes thronged. “The fashionable religion,” he said, “is all very well to live with, but it will not do to die with.”
4. It leads instinctively to prayer to God as the true refuge. “They cried to the Lord.” Though they had forsaken Him, they still believed, in the deepest convictions of their heart, that He, and He alone, was the true God. This is very instructive.
(1.) It is the heart’s spontaneous testimony. So long as the sunshine of peace lasts, and the delusions of sin remain unbroken, the soul keeps chanting to the strain, “I have loved idols, and after them will I go.” But the moment a great peril arises, and a life-struggle is entered on, instinctively it “shuffles off” all the incrustations of false belief, and goes straight to the God of its being, and importunately pleads. Could anything more effectually testify to the lying character of the teachings of sin, and the solid truth of all that God testifies respecting Himself? When appeal is made to the soul’s deepest convictions, the response comes like a trap rock shooting up through all the superincumbent strata of unbelief, that God is the only true refuge of the soul in the day of deep distress. With passionate cry it is confessed that the Creator is necessary to the creature, that His favour is its life, and that without Him all is lost. The innate convictions of the heart give the lie to its acquired creed.
(2.) The cry is as instinctive and sincere in the unbeliever as in the believer. Paine, who spent his days in blasphemy and ridicule of religion, and who boasted that with his axe he had cut down every tree in the forest of Christianity, leaving only a few saplings untouched, when he found himself amid the billows of the Atlantic, the vessel in which he sailed tossed like a straw on their crest, and every moment about to be engulphed, is found on his knees crying aloud to the God, whose existence he had denied, and whose name he had for years profaned, the most earnest praying-man in the ship, as he had need to be, beseeching the Almighty with tears and supplications to have mercy on his soul! What a picture alike of the hollowness, and revolting impiety of infidelity! And when, afterwards, death itself actually came, he found no other protection to cling to but the very God to whom all through life he had reviled in the language of ribaldry and cursing. In “the last alarms” he was heard crying out hundreds of times, “O, God! help me! O, Jesus Christ, help me! help me! In thy great mercy, help me!” Volney, notwithstanding his atheistical belief during a severe storm at sea, was seen running about in the greatest alarm crying out, “O, God, help, help! O, my God! what shall I do? what shall I do?” Even Voltaire, who occupied the bad pre-eminence of being esteemed the arch-unbeliever of his day, and who wasted the most brilliant mental endowments ever conferred on man, in reckless vituperations against the Christian faith and satirical mockery of all things Divine, turned coward in a most humiliating manner at the approach of the last enemy. The prey of anguish and abject terror, he alternately supplicated and blasphemed the God, against whom he had so defiantly raised his puny arm. And while his last sands were running out, so long as speech was continued to him, he called aloud in the most plaintive accents, “Oh, Christ! Oh, Jesus Christ! help me! help me!” Other instances we have in Jonah’s shipmates; the disciples in the storm; Peter walking on the water (Jon_1:5-6; Mar_4:38; Mat_14:30), and the general examples referred to in Psa_107:6; Psa_107:12-13; Psa_107:18-20; Psa_107:28, also Psa_78:34). Indeed, when anyone is suddenly confronted with death, the ejaculation involuntarily springs from his lips, “May God have mercy on my soul!”
(3.) It proves how impossible it is to banish God from the human mind. The stoutest heart gives the same testimony with the tenderest. When no danger is in sight, “the fool saith in his heart there is no God.” Rather, “he keeps saying this in his heart,” as if to keep down the fears ever rising up that there is a God, or as if to banish the disturbing evidences breaking in here and there, and on all sides. His strong wish that there were none, is the real cause of all his forced repetitions that there is none. For if there is, then it is all wrong with him. But God has so formed the human heart, that, notwithstanding all the violence done to its natural instincts, through the working of its depravity, when the real test is applied, its needle always points to the Great Supreme, as the being who made it, who preserves it, to whom it is responsible for its moral conduct, and who holds its destiny for good or evil entirely in His hands. Even those who, like Cain, “have gone out from the presence of the Lord into the land of Nod (the land of distance),” and have practically tried to spend life without God in any of their thoughts, are, at certain moments, checked by certain upheavals in their own breasts of forces too deep down in their nature for them to be able to control. At those moments, even those who say they are conscious only of the existence of the ego, are constrained to admit that there is also One who made the ego, who made it what it is, and who made it to be responsible to Himself. No gathered crust of atheistical assumptions, or maxims, however compacted by reasoning or speculation, or hardening by habitual practice, shall be able for a moment to resist the subterranean force when it begins to act, or suppress the upstarting conviction, that it is everything for a man to find His favour through the Crucified One of the blessed Gospel.
5. Severe chastisement prepares the way for true penitence.
(1.) Not necessarily so; sometimes it hardens. Some substances become harder as they are exposed to the action of fire. In like manner, certain characters become more stubborn under severe distresses. God puts a mark on King Ahaz, because “in the time of his distress he trespassed yet more and more against the Lord; this is that King Ahaz” (2Ch_28:22). Some, when reproved, harden their necks. Pharaoh’s heart seemed to become more hard as the infliction of the plagues went on. Cain, instead of repenting after he heard of his awful sentence, went out from the presence of the Lord, and dwelt in the land of Nod. He went as far away from God as he could go. He became a restless wanderer. There are some indeed, who, when pursued by the terrors of the Lord, in place of returning to Him by mourning and humiliation for their sins, prefer to commit suicide. Thus did Judas. Similar is the story told of Sardanapalus, the last King of Assyria, who, when his capital was besieged, and seeing no possibility of escape, shut himself up, with all his household and his goods, in the royal palace, and, with his own hands, in despair, applied the lighted torch, turning the whole into a vast funeral pile! So—
“The scorpion girt by fire,
In circle narrowing as it glows,
The flames around their captives close;
Till inly searched by thousand throes,
And maddening in her ire,
One and sole relief she knows
—her sting;
Gives but one pang and cures all pain,
And darts into her desperate brain.”
Others have been so accustomed to give the full force of their wills to sinful practices, that they have become thoroughly enslaved, and though they have their eyes open to its worst consequences, they will not repent, but plunge more wildly than before into the destructive vortex (Isa_1:5), etc. But to those who are not altogether infatuated by sin, severe affliction, when the Divine blessing goes with it, prepares the way for true penitence. For—
(2.) The heart must find relief from its misery. The avalanche which now came down on the homes of Israel from the distant north, was an overwhelming evil. They were compelled to cry to their God, through the pure force of their misery. Conscience was awakened, and they became alive to the fact, that all this had happened to them because they had forsaken their God. The conviction would thus arise that there was nothing to be got in a life of sin, but misery, and misery ever deepening. In all directions, where they might look, they found no other result but this. “The end of these ways was death.” They saw that the necessary effect of sin was to put them into a state of war with God; for the man who sins becomes a criminal before his God, and must count on God as his enemy. And who would madly “rush against the thick bosses of the Almighty’s buckler?” Who could dare to contend in battle with the great “I am?” As the soul values its own peace with God, it feels shut up to the step of returning to God. Feeling the hopelessness of opposition to God, they find they must at least feign submission to Him as their God, to save themselves from absolute ruin. Their cry for relief was a necessity, and whatever objection the evil heart might have to holding fellowship with a holy God, under ordinary circumstances, they felt that in their present circumstances there was no alternative. They must come to be at peace with Him under any conditions. Their stubborn wills must bow before an imperious necessity. They are checkmated at every point all round the compass. They cannot carry on the strife against the God of their being; for “woe is unto him that striveth with his Maker!” “Their way was thus hedged up with thorns.”
(3.) The heart is drawn to God by the intimations of His sin-forgiving character. It is shut up by the pressure of its misery to look for help where it is convinced help alone can be found. But mere weight of affliction alone will not dispose the depraved will to accept of God as its object of supreme love. That argument goes no farther than to prove that it is impossible for the soul to keep up war with its God. The strong hand of vengeance might push back the stream of its rebellion to the fountain head, but, so soon as the hand is removed, that stream will flow on as before. Another all-important factor is needed to incline the will, freely and naturally, to submit to God as its rightful Sovereign, against whom it has rebelled. There must be something to draw as well as to threaten. An appeal must be made to hopes as well as to fears. There must be something to dispose the will of itself to go out to God without constraint. What is needed to produce that disposition of will in a guilty man, is the presentation of pardon by Him against whom sin has been committed. This is nowhere done certainly, on just grounds, and in the most soul-subduing manner, except in the gospel of Jesus Christ, the Son of God. Hence, “the apprehension of God’s mercy in Chris” is an essential preparative to all true repentance. When a sinful man has set before him the warrant, on good and certain grounds, to believe that he shall receive the pardon of all his sins as a free gift on his return to God, and also a complete renewal of the Divine love towards him, as it was before the period of his sin commenced, his obstinacy begins to give way, his heart is melted, he is drawn, he yields himself up to God in true penitence. Instantly he turns against himself, begins the work of self-condemnation, self-abhorrence, shame, and self-abasement—is full of genuine grief for the evil of his ways, spontaneously makes confession, justifies God, and condemns himself in everything, and finally sets himself to walk henceforth in ways of new obedience.
Thus the preparatives to true penitence are, partly, the conviction that sin leads to nothing but misery, and is therefore essentially evil; but principally that the God, against whom sin had been committed, instead of taking pleasure in punishing the sinner, yearns and longs to grant a complete pardon, if he would but repent and accept of the pardon, on the terms which declare God’s righteousness in granting it. In the case of the Israelites, this exhibition of God’s sin-forgiving character was continually set before them, in the prominent place which the institution of sacrifice had in their daily worship. It was also repeatedly confirmed as a most precious truth, in the many times that He forgave their sins in His providential dealings with them, when it would have been just to have consumed them in a moment. Indeed, their whole past history was a history of mercy. Every promise was a spring—all the facts were streams running from these springs. And one great Fountain head they had, which a thousand rivers could not exhaust, in the everlasting promise—“I am your God!”
COMMENTS AND SUGGESTIONS.—Jdg_3:9
I. Men hope for peace in the future from their immunity in the past. These Israelites were living under the hallucination that, because, for so long a time, they had escaped from day to day manifestations of the Divine anger, therefore it would always be so, notwithstanding their systematic violations of the Divine law. They shut their ears to the emphatic condemnation which God uniformly gives of sin, and practically formed their judgments more from the peace which reigned around them in nature than from the express assurances of the Divine voice. Hence it was a great surprise to them when the punishment did actually fall.
This is common with mankind. An under-current of reasoning is ever going on in men’s minds, with which the heart has more to do than the undertanding, the drift of which is to bias the decisions of the latter in favour of the wishes of the former. The wish of the criminal is, that there were no day of reckoning, and the wish becomes father to the thought. The calm which now prevails around the sinner, while the bright sun shines, the birds sing, and nature chants sweet melodies in his ear—while the great forces sleep, and all things go well from day to day—all this forms a plausible ground for concluding, that what seems so like a permanent state of things will really never be altered. The men of Noah’s days had lived so long in security, that they went on “eating and drinking, buying and selling,” etc., notwithstanding all the warnings given by the “preacher of righteousness,” “until the day when Noah entered into the ark, and the flood came,” etc. The course of nature was so fixed that there seemed no likelihood the flood should come. “In the last days, too, scoffers will come, saying, ‘Where is the promise of His coming? Since the fathers fell asleep, all things continue as they were!’ ”
Thus it is still. It is part of the “idols of the tribe.” Men are warned solemnly of a coming day of putting to the test the character they are forming now. Partly by express intimations; partly by the appearance of the Son of God in our midst, wearing our human nature; and yet more solemnly, by that mysterious death which He, the Lord of Life, passed through; and by all the solemn issues which must spring out of these facts are they warned. Yet, so accustomed are they to count on immunity from evil consequence, that they hold on in their course of unbelief, regardless of all the voices addressed to them by the God of the Gospel. “Because sentence against an evil work is not executed speedily, the heart of the sons of men is set in them to do evil.” Practically, they disbelieve in a coming judgment. “They see not the smoke of the pit, therefore they dread not the fire” Psa_55:19. [South.] They go on to-day repeating the folly of yesterday, saying, “To-morrow shall be as this day, and much more abundant.”
II. Men’s misapprehension of the Divine silence. “These things thou hast done and I kept silence; thou thoughtest I was altogether such an one as thyself, and did approve thy sin.” It is singular that men should make this interpretation of the silence, when there is such ample proof passing before their eyes continually, that the time for waiting is fast coming to a close. Without intermission the arrows of death are doing their work, and every man is marked to fall. If men were but half awake, this fact could not fail to strike the dullest mind. Yet “all men think all men mortal but themselves.”
Men mistake the meaning of God’s delay. His own explanation is, “the goodness of God leadeth thee to repentance.”
(1.) He would give them time for repentance—time for the case being fully argued and leisurely weighed; also that opportunity might be afforded for their returning to God in sincere and thorough penitence.
(2.) He would show how greatly He desires their repentance, or how far He is from taking pleasure in their death (Eze_33:11).
(3.) It has cost much to open the door for their repentance.
(4.) He would intimate, that where there is repentance all will yet be well.
III. The certain approach of the day of reckoning. How can men be safe to-morrow when they sin to-day? (Rom_2:3.) Must they not give up sin and flee to the refuge? “He hath appointed a day in which He will judge the world in righteousness,” etc. Of those who recklessly fill up in sin their present season given for repentance, it is said “their judgment now of a long time lingereth not,” etc. (2Pe_2:3). Blackwell says, “This represents vengeance as an angel of judgment pursuing incorrigible sinners on the wing, continually approaching nearer and nearer, and meanwhile keeping on them a watchful eye, that he may at length discharge an unerring blow.”
“To-morrow is the wrecker’s beacon, the wily
snare of the destroyer;
When, unrepented, the growing avalanche of
sin rolls down the easy slope,
Alas! so ponderous, and moving on in might,
that a Sisyphus may not stop it.”
IV. The danger of underrating the severity of the trial of the future. This people had come so to underrate the strictness of God’s dealings with them when He should rise up, that they seem not to have counted on more than a moderate discipline, which they could manage to struggle through of themselves. But when the blow fell, it was insupportable, and they shrieked aloud for help. When men find that a day of final trial is coming on in the future, they set to work to abate its serious character. They form their ideas of what God will do, not so much from the intimations which He Himself makes in His Word, as from the views which they themselves form of His character. He is a Father, and the kindest of Fathers. Most true. But does the “righteous Father” (as the Christ expressly calls him), continue to acknowledge men as His children after they have become unrighteous? And if, as the record assures us, “there are none righteous, no, not one,” have not all lost the privileges of children, and can only regain them by faith in Christ Jesus? Is it right—is it safe then, to suppose for a moment, that God will deal with all men as children merely, in the day of account, and not in their character as impenitent sinners—i.e., all who have not reprented and believed? Must not all the impenitent stand as criminals before a judge, and be dealt with according to the laws of Eternal Righteousness? And how can these laws be properly exercised, if God does not express the terribly extent to which He hates sin? Can any punishment which fitly marks the depth of that displeasure be less than insupportably severe? Even in this world His judgments are fitted to strike men with awe. In the plagues of Egypt, the destruction of the cities of the plain, in the flood of waters let loose on an ungodly world, in the destruction of whole nations by the sword of Joshua, on account of their awful sins, we have proofs how terribly severe God’s hand may become in punishing men’s sins, when they obstinately cling to them and take the consequences.
More ominously still we are assured, that a day is coming on when some shall call to the rocks and the mountains—“Fall on us, and hide us from the face of Him who sits on the throne, and from the wrath of the Lamb!” On that day, we are told, “the fire shall try every man’s work of what sort it is.” “God shall judge the secrets of men’s hearts.” “I will lay judgment to the line, and righteousness to the plummet, and the hail shall sweep away the refuge of lies,” etc.; “the rains shall descend, the floods come, and the winds blow and beat against that house,” etc. “He that despised Moses’ law, died without mercy. Of how much soever punishment shall he be thought worthy who hath trodden under foot the Son of God, and counted the blood of the covenant an unholy thing,” etc. “Whoso was not found written in the Book of Life, was cast into the lake of fire.”
These statements, however interpreted, prove unmistakably how terrible unsafe it is to underrate the strictness of the standard by which God will try men’s characters in the day of final account. As yet the hour has not come for weighing men in the strictest balances. At most we have but the breezes and the gales here, and many dream we shall never have more. Hereafter we are assured in God’s Word the hurricanes shall be awakened, and the most thorough test applied to the stability of the foundation on which every man is building. Blessed shall they be who shall then be found to have prepared for the worst, and to have fled for refuge to Him “who is able to save unto the uttermost those that come unto God by Him.”
V. The wisdom of preparing for the strictest possible trial. The common difficulties of life are generally not greater than a brave heart and strong will may surmount, without any special helping hand; though the Christian will “in everything by prayer and supplication make his request known unto God.” That, however, is but to “run with the footmen;” how different to “contend with the horses!” There are times even in this life when trials come to the most intrepid with overmastering force, when the man is lifted off his feet, and feels borne irresistibly as a straw on the surface of the torrent. For such seasons he needs the help of an arm stronger than his own. And there are also days of “fiery trial,” where there is no effectual succour all round, save that which is supplied by Him who is “mighty to save!”
But for every man a day is coming on in the future, when his character shall be “sifted as wheat” and “tried as fire”—when he shall become a helpless thing in the hands of infinite forces. What he needs at that dread moment, is the means of meeting every possible contingency—a refuge which can give shelter from the fiercest possible wind that can blow—a fire-escape from the most awful possible conflagration that can burn—a sum which shall meet to the full the largest debt which the messengers of justice can possibly exact. Literally, every man, as a responsible being, will then have to answer all that the Divine perfections can claim of allegiance to the Divine throne—all that love, reverence, purity of character, and obedience of life, which is justly due from a creature made after the image of God. In that hour when God shall decide the final relation in which He is to stand for ever to His creature, His full character shall be revealed in all its aspects—no perfections obscured, but all revealed as they are. What is naturally and properly due from the creature to the Creator must be exacted in full—not more, not less. How much that may imply may be judged of from the fact, that every man is bound to “love God with all his heart, soul, strength, and mind,” every moment of his being. “How shall I know when I have done enough?” exclaimed Dr. Johnson, when looking at the question of God’s claims on the heart, with the light of eternity breaking in upon him!
VI. An all-sufficient refuge we have set before us. In the Person of “the Christ of God”—the God-man, we behold one who, on our behalf, fulfils that “righteousness which is very high,” and renders perfect obedience to that “commandment which is exceeding broad”—one who “magnifies the law (under which we are placed) and makes it honourable.” Placed under that law in our room by the Lawgiver Himself, He meets all its claims according to the loftiest ideas of what is due from responsible subjects, in the presence of the holy and righteous God. Cordially accepting this refuge, no man in the history of our fallen race, need be afraid how high the claims of eternal righteousness, may rise before him. Thus protected, he dwells in absolute security amid the full blaze of the Divine perfections before him. Once united to Christ, all possible foundation for farther charges against a sinner is for ever taken away. No claim of the Divine law can ever rise higher than that fulfilment which has been given by His glorious substitute. “Christ is the end of the law for righteousness to every one that believeth.” “Who shall lay anything to the charge of God’s elect? It is God that justifieth; who is he that condemneth? It is Christ that died.”
MAIN HOMILETICS.—Jdg_3:9-11
VI. The Divine deliverance and the human instrumentality.
Here we have—
I. The state of mind to which God grants deliverance. This is all-important. All God’s promises are made to those who bear a certain character, or who approach Him in a fit state of mind. The account given here is very abbreviated, but two features are implied in the attitude of the people “when they cried unto the Lord.” They showed—
1. Sorrow for the past. This we may fairly suppose if we are to judge from the fact, that no mention is made of their openly sinning any more for the next forty years. Also, we could hardly suppose, that God would have vouchsafed to deliver them now, had they not repented. Besides when it is said that Othniel judged Israel, surely one of his first duties would be to cleanse the land of its idolatry. Further, when, on a similar occasion, they cried to God for deliverance (ch. Jdg_10:10-15), they made unreserved confession of having forsaken their God and worshipped Balaam. They also put away their strange gods, and that with shame and sorrow. May we not suppose, the same was done here. In the days of Samuel, after several years of sin, we are told that all at once, “the whole house of Israel lamented after the Lord.” (1Sa_7:2.) Very likely the hidden cause of this revival was the prophet’s prayers. (Jas_5:16.) Patrick says also, that “Samuel’s reproofs and instructions, along with the representation he would make of their sin, had touched their hearts.” This also was followed by their putting away their sin.
This God always requires. “True penitence consists in the heart being broken both for sin and from sin.” There must be self-condemnation, and an acknowledgment that God is righteous. The sorrow arises, not merely from the sad experience of the calamities, in which sin involves the sinner, but especially from a sense of guilt in rebelling against God, disobeying his commands, acting ungratefully by His manifold mercies and favours, and spending life in entire neglect of His claims, and even of His presence. What need for sorrow, bitter and poignant, at the remembrance of so much sin in the past! It robs God; ruins the soul; and necessitates the death of Christ ere it can “be made an end of.” The sins of these Israelites called for sorrow. They had renounced the most sacred obligations, they had despised the most bountiful of benefactors, and they had trampled under foot the most “holy, just, and excellent” of all laws. Their high calling was to “shine as lights in the world.” Yet, for many years, that light had been eclipsed, and the conduct of these sons of Jacob, instead of being quoted as a reason why the heathen should turn from their idol-worship, to the service of the living God, had become the most powerful reason in the world to justify them in going on their sinful course, and banishing the thought of the God of Israel from the earth. “It is sad when a Christian becomes the chief argument against Christianity.” [South.]
2. All their trust was in prayer to God as their own God. In returning to Jehovah they virtually confessed their error in making idols their confidence. They now anew acknowledged Him to be the only true God, and implored His forgiveness in earnest prayer. This was both faith and repentance, “without which it is impossible to please God.” The heart must rest on God alone as its essential good. It must acknowledge Him, trust in Him, and give Him the homage due from the creature to the Creator. Faith looks to God alone for its portion, and makes Him its all in all. It takes Him as He describes Himself to be, believes Him to be all that He declares Himself to be, and trusts Him accordingly. The most perfect revelation of God ever made, is that which is exhibited in the gospel of His Son; and this the people of Israel had in a rudimentary form, in the Mosaic system that was established among them.
II. God’s readiness to give relief.
It ought never to be forgotten, that the great end of all God’s dealings with this people was, to illustrate the excellence of His own character in that view of it, which is expressed by the phrase, “Mercy rejoiceth against judgment” (Isa_43:21). Hence such things are brought prominently before us as these:—His bearing with sin, while yet He shows intense hatred towards it; His restraining its outbreaks on the one hand, while yet there is no infringement of liberty, on the other; His condemning it, and yet His forgiving it; and here, His readiness to deliver from its consequences.
1. He gives relief where there is the appearance of penitence. Even where the reality may not actually exist. Some, perhaps, a considerable number of the people, may at this time have become true penitents, but it is probable that the majority merely assumed a penitent attitude, because driven to it through force of circumstances, while there was no real forsaking of sin in the heart. God says of the men of Hosea’s days, “I have hewed them by the prophets, I have slain them by the words of my mouth. Yet they did not cry to me with their heart (in prayer); they but howled upon their beds.” But though many may not have been true penitents, simply because there was the appearance of it, God raises up a deliverer. So it was with Ahab; when he humbled himself, God said, “I will not bring the evil in his day, but in the days of his sons” (1Ki_21:27-29). This shows God’s extreme readiness to meet the sinner in mercy, so soon as that which obstructs the way is removed. He virtually says, Let sin be but confessed and abandoned, and the Divine mercy, will flow forth. If penitence is not real but only seeming, He often gives some blessings, to show how ready He is to go the full length, when it can be done consistently with His character. Such blessings, indeed, are but temporal and partial. Spiritual blessings, implying true and proper forgiveness, with the gracious influence of the Holy Spirit, are only given when the sinner really “turns from sin to God, with full purpose of, and endeavour after new obedience,” Yet repentance alone does not entitle any sinner to forgiveness; it only qualifies for it. The title comes through faith in Christ.
2. He allows no earnest cry to go long without relief. It is not probable that they began to cry to God in penitence as soon as they were afflicted. It is more likely that towards the end of the eight years, after trying all other expedients, they at last gave up the controversy with God and laid down their weapons of rebellion. Probably they had not long to wait after their cry became earnest and general throughout the land, ere He responded and granted them relief. This is God’s usual manner. When it became manifest that the prodigal’s penitence was quite sincere, “the father ran, embraced him,” etc. Yet not at the very first moment when the cry of penitence is raised, does God answer. There are reasons for some delay—reasons of wisdom and propriety, why the petitioner should be allowed to cry for some time. To be convinced how extremely far he is from deserving it—how much of a miracle of grace it is that he should receive it at all—that he may have time to consider how long-continued, how deep and aggravated, have been his provocations—that he may have opportunity of showing the sincerity and the earnestness of his repentance—and especially that he may have it rivetted on his heart that he owes his deliverance solely to the grace of God through the atoning merits of his Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ. Yet it must not be supposed that some time must needs elapse before God becomes willing to grant relief. His willingness may be counted on as instantaneous on a sinner’s really repenting of his sin. His mercy is active not passive. It is disposed to move of itself, without waiting for motives to induce it to act. The spontaneous outgoing of God’s nature to His creatures is to be merciful, or good, where there is no obstruction in the way. “The Lord is good unto all and His tender mercies are over all His works.” Reasons of wisdom and justice permitting, He lingers not for a moment but hastens to the sinner’s relief.
III. The instrumentality made use of in giving deliverance.
1. The instrument chosen was a man like themselves.
(a) No angel was sent down from heaven, as at the slaying of the first-born in Egypt, or at the destruction of the Assyrian army. Neither was an army brought from the West, to fight the host which had descended from the East, against which Israel had no power. Nor was any excercise of miraculous power alone made use of, such as an earthquake, or famine, or pestilence.
(b) But one of themselves is raised up, and is held as a rod in the hand of omnipotence, and so the work is done. God finds the instrument on the spot. He does not need to go to other camps to obtain that which is suited to His purpose. The humblest of the men of Israel, he could make sufficient for the task should He so determine. He is never at a loss for instruments—“babes and sucklings” praise Him in His temple; a little captive maid glorifies His name before a heathen court; a malefactor in the jaws of death illustrates the wonders of His redeeming grace; a forgotten prisoner hid out of sight from all the world, comes forth at the proper moment to furnish sustenance for a famishing world; and unlearned fishermen are taken from their nets to herald the message of pardon to a whole sinning world, through the blood shed on Calvary.
(c) But here there is a deeper reason why the deliverer should be a man like themselves. The sons of Israel were a Messianic people, and all God’s manner of dealing with them was intended to foreshadow the Messiah. He came in human form to act the part of a Saviour. “He took not on Him the nature of angels, but He took on Him that of the seed of Abraham.” In all things it behoved Him to be made like unto His brethren. “And forasmuch as they were partakers of flesh and blood, He in like manner took part of the same.” “There is one Mediator between God and man—the man Christ Jesus.”
2. The selection is made by God Himself. It was not left to the vote of the people. It was not with Israel, as with any other nation.
(a) They were, in a peculiar sense, His own people. He was their king. Their laws and all their arrangements came from Him, and especially everything connected with their salvation, and their advancement to honour and privilege was His gift. They were His diamonds, and no hand was allowed to touch them but His own.
(b) Besides it was not an ordinary ruler that was now needed. A King or a Magistrate to administer civil or social or national law. But a special work was to be done. A salvation was to be wrought from a ruin brought on the people by their sins; and the means of accomplishing that salvation was not the ordinary weapons used in war. The victory to be gained did not depend on the weapons used, but on the manner in which, or the principles on which the war was waged. It was to be seen by all as a special work of God, wrought out through means of God’s own providing. Hence the man chosen to be a saviour was specially selected by God.
(c) And he was to be successful in his work, not from his own natural gifts, but through special qualifications conferred on him by God, and through the special co-operation of the Providence of God in bringing out the result. Everything was special, and everything was sacred; hence the selection must be God’s own. For this same reason no vote of the people was taken in the choice of any of the other judges or saviours mentioned in this book. This selection of a saviour for the people by God Himself is a peculiarly Messianic idea. Isa_42:1, etc.; Gal_4:4, etc.; 1Jn_4:14.
3. One man only is employed. He was not, indeed, to fight alone, but to put himself at the head of such a number of the people as could be got together to make head against the enemy. Yet all depended on the leader. He was to be the mainspring of the movement. He had to show a courage and resources equal to the occasion. He had to inspire others with an enthusiasm similar to his own. He was to be the rallying point, the vehicle through which all the energy should flow, and the guide to conduct the whole enterprise, from first to last.
How often does the history of a whole people, or even of an age, take its complexion from the doings of one man! What a blank there would have been in the history of Abraham’s day, had that one good man been removed from his place! It would have been like removing a solitary star of the first magnitude from the spiritual heavens; or had Moses been removed in his day how differently should we have read the history of Israel! And if Elijah and Elisha had not stood forward in their places in their day, we should have lost some of the brightest pages of Old Testament history. Deeper still would have been the eclipse, if David, the sweet singer of Israel, had not arisen, and the man after God’s own heart had not sat on the throne of Israel. The names of Isaiah and Jeremiah among the prophets, and of Peter, John and Paul among the apostles, are surrounded with such sacred yet stirring associations, that had their places remained empty, it would have been equivalent to leaving out the most glowing and most thrilling portions of the Book of God, and shutting up nearly all the wells’ mouths, whence refreshing draughts of water of life are supplied to weary pilgrims, as they pass on to the heavenly Canaan.
IV. The suitableness of the individual chosen.
1. God ever chooses the fittest instruments for doing His work. The hour had come and the man appears. He does not despise men’s natural gifts, when they are found possessed in greater measure by some than by others. For, with these gifts He Himself has endowed the possessors. And when He requires an instrument to do His work, He chooses those whom He has already best qualified for serving His purpose. It is when men become proud of their gifts, and begin to forget the Giver, that they and their gifts together are condemned (Jer_9:23-24; Exo_9:11; Isa_10:12-13; 1Co_1:19-21; 1Co_1:27-29; 1Co_3:18-20; Dan_4:30-34). Natural gifts, however, are not slighted by the Giver of “every good and perfect gift,” but are employed when they are suited to the end required; beyond that when special qualifications are needed they are specially supplied. Examples we have in Moses, David, and Paul.
2. The qualifications of the instrument employed. On making enquiry as to the man whom God had selected “to make up the hedge, and stand in the gap before Him for the land,” we are agreeably surprised to find that degenerate Israel could produce such a man as “Othniel, the son of Kenaz, Caleb’s younger brother.” The phrase “son of Kenaz,” means simply—of the stock, or family line of Kenaz, and is equivalent to the appellation—“Kenezite” (Jos_14:6; Jos_15:17; Jud_1:13). Othniel had many elements of fitness:—
(1) He was naturally brave. Names in those days were often significant of character, and if we are to judge by this criterion, Othniel, “the lion of God,” must have stood among the foremost for natural courage. As a matter of fact, he had the reputation of being a hero all through his past history.
(2) He belonged to an honoured family. He was of the house of Caleb, than which name none stood higher among all the genealogies of the chosen people. Now that Caleb himself was gone, no fitter man could have been selected as a centre around which the tribes might rally, and especially the tribe of Judah, to which the elected “judge” belonged. None would dispute his ascendency, or refuse to follow his lead. He was just the man in whom the people would place confidence. The aroma of the name was still felt through all Israel, though two generations had elapsed since it first became famous.
(3) He had a long experience. He was not a young man, with the flush and ardour natural to youth, and ready to attempt great exploits. However valuable may be the elasticity and enthusiasm of growing years, no qualities are so much required for the leader of a great and difficult enterprise as those which are expressed in the phrase—a large experience. Othniel was now a veteran, probably as old as his brother (or kinsman) Caleb was on the day when at the term of 85 years of age, he set himself with undiminished vigour to expel the men of the giant race from their native strongholds (Jos_14:11-12). The spirit of Caleb still survived in Othniel. Both instances forcibly illustrated the truth of the promises before they were given, “They that wait on the Lord shall gather fresh vigour; they shall show a strength of wing like the eagle; they shall run and not be weary, and walk and not faint.” On ordinary and extraordinary occasions alike, they shall be adequate in strength to undertake whatever falls to them in the way of duty to do. The language of their God is “Even to old age I am He, and to hoar hairs will I carry you.”
(4) He was eminently a man of God. He appears to have been one of those noble men of true moral greatness, who do not go with the tide of public opinion, or “follow a multitude to do evil,” but stand fast like a rock to the cause of their God, prepared to stand with a small minority, or altogether alone, if that were necessary, rather than swerve from fidelity to the principles of truth and righteousness. To his eye Israel’s weakness did not consist in lack of men of arms, or of martial valour, but in a low condition of piety towards their God. Doubtless “his heart trembled for the ark of God,” when he beheld the tide of apostasy all but universal over the land, and his place would generally be found among “those who feared the Lord and spake often one to another—being deeply concerned for the honour of his name.” The honour of his God was dearer to him than all things else. For this he was prepared to go through fire and water. For this he would fight against any odds. Where the honour of that name was concerned, he was not afraid though a whole troop of Chushans were in the field. “His heart was fixed trusting in the Lord.” Life was indeed precious, but that he would cheerfully hazard a hundred times to redeem the hallowed name of his God, which had so long been vilely profaned on all the coasts of Israel. It was not personal valour in which he trusted; man of strong arm and strong heart though he was, he would spend much of his time in secret “sighing and crying for all the abominations done in the midst of the land.” In secret he had thus honoured God, and now before all Israel God honoured him.
(5) He was specially a man of great faith.
(a) Importance of Faith. To faith, more than to any other feature of character, does God have respect in granting success. “By faith the elders, one and all, obtained a good report;” and “without faith it is impossible to please God.” He had learned long ago the science of the “wars of Canaan,” namely, that all victory came through faith in the God of the covenant, and all defeat happened through unbelief, and departure from the living God.
(b) Character of Faith. Faith begins with giving up self, and looking to God alone. It says self is nothing, but God is all in all. It takes God’s own account of Himself as the true account, believes that all his perfections are as He describes them, and that in everything in which we have to do with Him, He is to be absolutely trusted both as a Father and a Sovereign Ruler. It believes that all the requirements of His law upon us are just and reasonable, that all the principles of His moral government are righteous and true, that He has an unquestioned right to appoint our lot in this world, being His creatures, that we are responsible to Him at all times, and that whatever mystery may hang over his dealings with us in this world, He will always act by us according to the acknowledged principles of His character. It believes all His declarations, takes all His promises as trustworthy, and resigns itself implicitly to His arrangements.
(c) Its foundation. Its great strength lies in the foundation on which it rests. Being guilty we dare not trust God for anything, but a great Redeemer is provided, “in whom we are brought nigh unto God,” and “in whom all the promises of God are yea and amen.” To the ancient Israelite, the Messiah, or Abraham’s promised seed, was the channel through whom all the blessings wrapped up in the covenant, (“I will be a God to you”) were to flow out to all the families of the earth. Assurance of preservation at the line of duty was one of the details of this all embracive covenant of blessing. A man like Othniel, who walked daily with his God, would be able to apply this great genuine promise of the covenant to all the details of duty in practical life. Thus his faith rested on the express testimony of Jehovah in the covenant, and on the provisions made for ratifying that covenant by the institution of sacrifice. All his past experience as a man of piety, and all that he knew of the history of his people, would be as so many confirmations of this grand fundamental promise on which his faith rested.
(6) He had a brilliant name in the history of the past. The storming of Debir was not yet forgotton. Its capture was one of the proudest stories of the heroic age of Joshua. Then the name of Othniel rose as a star of the first magnitude in Israel’s sky. But as in every victory gained through faith, the victor ascribed all the glory to that God who had “covered his head in the day of battle.” His language virtually was “By thee I have run through a troop, by my God have I leaped over a wall.”
(a) Debir’s importance. In the history of that period of conquest, which is so briefly given, and where so many things are left out, the subjugation of Debir receives a special prominence. It belonged to the hill country, and was inhabited by the “Amorites,” who were the “highlanders” of Canaan—and probably those very Anakim at whose presence the spies who were sent out from Kadesh some 38 years before to search out the land, were so much scared. It was one of the cities of the giants, and seems to have been one of the most difficult of them all to subdue. After Caleb had driven the natives from all the other strongholds, he paused on coming to Debir, and offered a special reward to the man who would undertake to reduce it. Its other names may shed a little light on this point. It was called “Kirjathsannah” (Jos_15:49), which signifies “the city of instruction,” and “Kirjath-sepher,” (Jos_15:15-16) which means “the city of books.” It is supposed to have been the city of law, where the national records were kept, and perhaps was a seat of learning among the Canaanites. It is farther confirmatory of this view, that the word “Debir” signifies oracle. Here probably were treasured up the archives of these nations, such as they were. For we know that the Phœnicians, and probably too the other Canaanitish nations, were among the first in the world to possess a knowledge of letters. It is not so surprising then to hear of the book-city, though the art of printing was entirely unknown. A very few books would suffice in those days to justify a town taking to itself such a name. The few books there were however would be esteemed very precious. It would be equivalent to their bank of knowledge where would be laid up all the treasures of knowledge, or learning they had at that early date been able to acquire, on such subjects as history and science, the useful and the fine arts, languages, archæology and astronomy, all of which, though of the rudest kind, would be regarded as valuable by the age itself. Here as in a bank-safe were these treasures collected, which would give to that town an unusual measure of importance above the other towns; so that it might be expected to be doubly fortified, and rendered quite impregnable.
(b) Its conquest by Othniel. He was the man found with sufficient confidence in his God, to scale the walls, batter down the gates, and put all the men of might to the sword. “In the name of his God he set up his banner,” and could say in the face of the enemy, “why do ye heathen rage against the God of Jacob? and ye people of the giant city, why do ye imagine a vain thing?”
V. The Spirit of God the source of all real qualification for sacred duties. “The Spirit of the Lord came upon him.” There needs not more to raise a man to the height of an angel of the Lord, or to lift up a people groaning under the heel of oppression to become “more than conquerers.”
1. The Spirit of God is the source of life in nature. In the widest sense He is the source of all power and of all life whatever. When life began to exist in the world, the Spirit of God was moving, or brooding dove-like on the face of the waters—the chaotic mass. It was by His agency that all the laws of the natural world were at first established, and it is by Him they still hold on their course. All man’s natural faculties, both of body and mind, are endowments of the Holy Spirit. These operations may be said to be in the line of natural law. But there are gifts of a much higher order.
2. He is the source of the special gifts of the kingdom of grace. There is a dispensation of grace as distinct from the reign of natural law. The gifts of that dispensation are spiritual in character, pertaining as they do to the dispositions and relations of the heart towards its God. They are such as faith, repentance, love, and all the elements of a new religious character which a man comes to possess when he is “born of the Spirit,” and so enters what Christ calls “the kingdom of God.” This class of gifts, though offered to all men, are yet bestowed only on those who comply with the call to receive them on the terms offered.
3. He is the source of the supernatural gifts conferred. God sometimes confers powers on men so as to raise them above their natural level, by which they come to know what in the natural exercise of their understanding they could never reach, and come to have strength to perform what, by the natural exercise of their physical faculties, they could never accomplish. These high and peculiar gifts, usually called supernatural gifts, were conferred only on those who were called to do some special work for God, such as Apostles and Prophets—those who were commissioned to make some special revelation of the mind and will of God, or who were empowered to work miracles, or who were called to perform duties that required qualifications above the natural standard. Of this latter class were “the Judges,” a special class of saviours,” (Neh_9:27), who were raised up to meet a particular conjuncture of circumstances, when the cause of God was greatly imperilled, when the church of God seemed almost destroyed, and when the tide of sin like a vast flood was overrunning the land. In these times there was special need for the Spirit to be given.
4. Both the gracious and supernatural gifts of the Spirit were conferred on special grounds. It is of the highest importance to notice the grounds on which the gifts were conferred, and the purpose for which they were given. The gifts referred to were all given under—
(a) A special dispensation—a dispensation of grace, and not in natural course. They were conferred in connection with the great scheme of mercy, which God from the beginning has had in store for sinful men through the Mediator, and which is gradually developed in the history of His church.
(b) The gracious gifts, along with pardon of sins, and acceptance with God, constitute the blessings of salvation which that scheme presents, and, as a seal, mark the happy recipients as saved ones.
(c) The supernatural gifts, though usually (not always, e.g., Judas, Balaam and Mat_7:22-23), conferred on the saved, are not conferred for the purpose of saving their possessors, but for the purpose either of revealing some part of the remedial scheme, of attesting its Divine character, or of preserving and sustaining it under all emergencies. In no other connection have the influences of the Holy Spirit, for purposes of human salvation been given at any time except through the remedial scheme, i.e., through Christ in some form, and always on the footing of grace, or the special and free favour of God.
(d) It was because there was a church in Israel, and a scheme of salvation by grace, having its development in the dispensation that was planted among them, that God gave His Spirit to assist in the furtherance of the interests of that scheme. The people of the Messiah, and of whom He was to come, must be preserved when in danger; there must be no overthrow of the sacred system of rites and ceremonies, laws and ordinances, which God had established among them to prefigure the work of the Messiah, while the religious worship and religious privileges of His own appointment must be continued from age to age, and to enable those who were raised up to be the “saviours” (Neh_9:27) of the people to fulfil their high vocation, the Spirit of the Lord came upon them in a supernatural way. The Spirit was given out of regard to the covenant (“I will be your God,”) which was ratified by the coming of the Messiah.
VI. The special qualifications conferred on Othniel through the Spirit. Generally speaking they were conferred on him in such measure as to fit him in all respects to be not only the leader, but the saviour, of Israel in this emergency. He was not only qualified to direct the movement, but was furnished with every requisite necessary to ensure the complete liberation of his country.
1. He was consecrated to the office of a saviour by the Spirit. It set him apart from a common to a sacred purpose. He became by it “the Lord’s anointed.” When the prophet Samuel, by God’s direction, anointed Saul to be king over Israel, he poured a vial of oil over his head (1Sa_10:1). And, again, he anointed David to be king, with a horn of oil (1Sa_16:12-13). In both cases it was the same method, the only difference being that a vial was used in Saul’s case—a brittle vessel, and easily broken—emblematic of the after events of the history; whereas a horn was used in anointing David, indicating strength and durability of the kingly power. The oil was emblematic of the Holy Spirit’s influence, signifying that God had called the person to the office, and would qualify him sufficiently for the discharge of its duties. Accordingly, we are told, that after the anointing, the Spirit of the Lord came first on Saul, and afterwards on David—not in His gracious influences, for the personal salvation of the possessor, but to qualify for the duties of a sacred office, held for the good of God’s Church. Also, when Aaron and his sons were consecrated to the priestly offices, the holy anointing oil was poured on their heads. The Christ Himself was so anointed with the Holy Spirit (Isa_61:1; Psa_45:7; Act_10:38). All true Christians are reckoned anointed ones, because the Spirit of Christ is conferred on them all (Joh_1:16; 2Co_1:21-22; 1Jn_2:20; 1Jn_2:27; Rev_3:18).
This was the best of all evidences that God had called him to the work before him, both for Othniel himself, and for all the people round about him. It was impossible after this to doubt that a great purpose was to be accomplished, and was to be accomplished through his instrumentality. It was the Lord Himself indicating His choice of an instrument.
2. He felt that all his natural gifts were strengthened in an extraordinary degree. His courage was now truly up to the lion pitch. He could say with simple truth, “Though an host encamp against me, yet will I not fear.” “If mine enemies should compass me about like bees, they shall be quenched as the fire of thorns. In the name of the Lord I will destroy them.” He felt his physical vigour so increased that he was prepared, though but one man, to go against a thousand. His knowledge of men, his skill and tact in making arrangements, his fertility of resources, his capacity for conducting great undertakings, he felt to be all so wonderfully increased, that all difficulties melted away before him, and he felt himself on all sides equal to the occasion. Great mental energy, power of practical endurance, and zeal for God’s honour, were also added, along with a self-denial that could go through any amount of hardship, and a willingness to risk life itself in the holy cause of his God! It was thus that “the Spirit of the Lord stirred him” (Jdg_13:25).
3. He became fully conscious that God was with him. It was not merely a persuasion, but a knowledge—an act of direct consciousness that omnipotence itself was on his side. He felt that an infinite force was at his back, which nothing could withstand. Nay, he felt that this force was acting through him as its organ. He knew from personally feeling it, that God was in possession of his spirit, and could no more doubt that He was acting with him in every thing he did, than that when he put forth an act of his will, he knew his arm would be moved by that act of will. He acted, indeed, in the full blaze of the consciousness that Omnipotence was on his side, and that all obstructions must give way as certainly as that matter is moved this way or that by a law of nature—or by that Omnific word which at first brought all matter into existence.
4. His faith became very strong. It rose at once to be a faith of assurance. There was not a single admixture of doubt. He believed that God’s own glory was concerned in the matter; that His faithfulness could not fail, and that He must show Himself jealous on behalf of His people according to His engagements. He also strongly believed that God had but to show Himself, and His enemies would be scattered. “As smoke is driven before the wind, or as wax is melted at the touch of fire.” His trust was unshaken in the character of the God of Jacob, and in the gracious promises He had made to the people with whom He had entered into covenant. When he went out to meet the enemy, he went with the absolute assurance of victory, as if it were already an historical fact. He knew he could not possibly fail.
5. In all things he was instructed by Jehovah Himself. The Spirit of the Lord prompted him in all his plans and arrangements, so that nothing could fall out amiss. “The Lord ordered the battle.” His hand was at the helm of the movement.
VII. The ease with which he conquered. When the Lord delivered Chushan into his hand, the issue was not doubtful, nor was it long in suspense. He who has all hearts in His hand, and all events at His disposal, can always make victory easy for those whom He loves. The Divine Spirit wrought to secure the result; not only by qualifying the instrument chosen to do the work, but also by over-ruling all the circumstances of Providence to bring out the desired result. This was the case in all the wars of Joshua, and it was the case now.
1. Means. Sometimes the enemy were made to feel faint-hearted in the midst of the fight while Israel waxed valiant in the battle. Sometimes a panic was made to prevail throughout the ranks (Deu_2:25; Jos_2:9; Jos_2:24). Sometimes “hornets,” or stinging insects were made to fly in whole clouds in the face of the enemy, so that victory became easy (Jos_24:12). At other times God turned every man’s sword against his fellow (Jdg_7:22; 1Sa_14:15; 1Sa_14:20). Again He sends a spirit of confusion or bitter enmity against each other into the camp of the enemy (2Ch_20:22-23). And sometimes he rolls down great stones from heaven on those who would seek to destroy His people (Jdg_10:11). All the circumstances connected with the position of the two parties concerned, were fully known to God, and also all the causes that could possibly have to do with bringing out the issue of the struggle. And we are told in few words, “The Lord delivered Chushan into the hand of Othniel, and his hand prevailed against him.”
2. Ways and means are easily found when the moral purposes have been served. When the people became penitent there no longer remained any difficulty in effecting deliverance. The “Strength of Israel” could give victory this way or that way, as it might seem good to Him. He has but to will it, and the weak shall become strong, or the strong weak. All these eight years there was no difficulty with Him to grant release from the oppressor’s grasp, at any hour. He might at any moment have said to the raging storm, “Peace! be still! and there should have been a great calm.” But high moral purposes required to be wrought out. His people must be taught the true character of a service of sin—that the “ways of transgressors are hard”—“that the end of these ways is death”—and that “it is an evil and bitter thing to forsake the fountain of living waters.” They required to know by experience the treachery of their hearts, the ingratitude of their ways, and the grievous folly of their apostacy. They must be made to understand that though “God is merciful and gracious and long-suffering, He is yet so holy that He cannot by any means clear the guilty.” These lessons being taught, He was ready at a moment’s notice to arise and show Himself as “the Lord of hosts, strong and mighty in battle.”
VIII. The long peace after so much trouble. “The land had rest forty years.”
1. The elements of disturbance in the atmosphere were completely cleared away. Such rout was given to Chushan, that it was manifest to the nations that the God of Israel had again come to the help of His people; and His “fear was upon them,” so that they did not dare to attack a people that were surrounded on every side by such invisible strength.
2. The people in general had become penitent. The worship of Jehovah was resumed, and probably the idols were all removed.
3. Righteousness again prevailed throughout society. This is always the basis of peace, as sin is always the fountain head of trouble. There are ever two broad features in the Divine character—mercy and righteousness. And in any instrument raised up to do a work of God in His Providence, the reflection these features is seen in the duties given him to discharge. “The judge” in Israel was charged not only with the duty of working salvation, but also with that of establishing the reign of righteousness among the people. This, we believe, included not only the administration of civil justice as between man and man, but also a supervision of the practical observance of those laws and ordinances which God had laid down as rules of righteousness for the life of His people. “Peace flows like a river” in a land, when its “righteousness is strong like the waves of the sea.”
The “forty years” we regard as commencing with the deliverance wrought and terminating with the beginning of the next chapter of oppression. Whether Othniel died during the forty years, or at their expiry, we cannot tell. The long continuance of peace, and the short term of oppression, show what delight God has in making His goodness go forth to His people, and how extremely reluctant He is to visit them with the rod.
COMMENTS AND SUGGESTIONS.—Jdg_3:10
THE HOLY SPIRIT, THE ONE SOURCE OF ALL SPIRITUAL BLESSING
“The Judges,” or “saviours” of the church and people of God, had extraordinary duties assigned them to do, for which qualifications above the natural standard were required. Hence their need of what we usually call the supernatural influences of the Divine Spirit; for He is the fountain-head of all real wisdom and strength. But every man who becomes a true Christian needs the Holy Spirit both to begin this new life in him and to carry it on Eternal life is the gift of God the Father; it is manifested in God the Son; and it is enjoyed only through the influences of God the Spirit. God the Father reveals Himself by the Son; and the Son reveals Himself through the Spirit. The Spirit is to Christ what the atmosphere is to the sun—without it His glory would not be revealed, and He would shine in vain—Christ procures eternal life, and the Holy Spirit applies it. The presence and work of the Holy Spirit are equally necessary to the enjoyment of the blessings of salvation, as those of the Father and the Son.
I. The nature of the Divine Spirit’s influence. “In enlightening the mind it is not the office of the Spirit to give new revelations; nor yet does He discover to us mysteries and recondite meanings of scripture. But it is clear from scripture statement, that, until a man have the Spirit of God to instruct him, he cannot “discern” the excellence of spiritual things (1Co_2:14). The man who has great perspicacity in matters of science, may be stone blind in religion.
“No words however carefully selected could make a man who had been born blind form an idea of light. But those who are taught of the Spirit “behold with unveiled face the glory of the Lord, and are changed into His image,” through the influence of what they are made to discern. Such a manifestation is made of the excellence of the truth of the gospel, as awakens a train of feelings and affections, that were never experienced before. The same words of scripture had often been read before, but without any emotion. Now they possess a loving virtue which penetrates into the inmost recesses of the soul, and fill it with light, and love, and hope, and activity. A similar change would take place if a man of gross mind were suddenly inspired with those refined perceptions, and that delicate sensibility, which are the foundation of taste. A new light would be poured on the face of nature. The scenery at which he looked with languid eye, would present features of sublimity and beauty. Where formerly there was nothing but dull, uninteresting irregularity, he now discovers order, proportion, harmony, and grace.”
[Dick.]
“He does not make us wise above that which is written, but makes us wise up to that which is written. He does not tell us anything that is out of the record; but all that is in it, He sends home with clearness and effect on the mind. When a telescope is directed to some distant landscape it enables us to see what we could not otherwise have seen; but it does not enable us to see anything which has not a real existence in the prospect before us. It does not present to the eye any fanciful or fictitious scene. The natural eye saw nothing but blue land, stretching along the distant horizon. By the aid of the glass, there bursts upon it a charming variety of fields and woods, and spires and villages. Yet the glass has not added one feature to the assemblage.
So of the Spirit, He does not add a single truth, nor a single character to the book of Revelations. He simply enables the ‘spiritual man’ to see what the ‘natural man’ cannot see.”
[Chalmers.]
II. Fullness of blessing which the Spirit gives. “The one comprehensive work of the Spirit is to illustrate Christ—Christ in His person—offices—and work—and through Christ to show the evil of sin, to exhibit the glory of the righteous character of God, and to undo thoroughly the work of Satan (Joh_16:8-11). ‘He convinces of sin and misery, enlightens the mind in the knowledge of Christ, renews the will, and persuades and enables to embrace Christ as He is freely offered in the Gospel.’ He brings a man into a new state; gives him new views of himself, of God, of sin, of salvation; leads him to choose new objects of affection; induces him to cherish new desires and aims; causes him to experience new enjoyments; leads him to form new habits; and stirs him up to begin a new conflict in his soul, a conflict not only between sin and the conscience, but between sin and the will.”
[Buchanan.]
“The Spirit, as ‘water’ cleanses, fertilises, refreshes, is abundant, and is freely given. As ‘fire’ it purifies, illuminates, and searches. As ‘wind’ it is independent, sovereign, powerful, sensible in its effects, reviving. As ‘oil’ it heals, comforts, illuminates, consecrates. As ‘rain and dew,’ it fertilises, refreshes, is abundant, imperceptible, and penetrating. As a ‘dove’ it is gentle, meek, innocent, forgiving. As a ‘voice’ it speaks, guides, warns, and teaches. As a ‘seal’ it impresses, secures, and authenticates. [Anon.]
“It is called the ‘Comforter;’ the ‘Free Spirit;’ the ‘Good Spirit;’ the ‘Holy Spirit;’ the ‘Holy Spirit of Promise;’ the ‘Power of the Highest;’ the ‘Spirit of the Lord God;’ the ‘Spirit of the Father;’ the ‘Spirit of Christ;’ the ‘Spirit of the Son;’ the ‘Spirit of Life—grace—truth—prophecy—adoption wisdom—counsel—wisdom—might—understanding—glory—knowledge—fear of the Lord—holinesss—revelation;’ “Seven Spirits of God;’ ‘Voice of the Lord.’ ” [Anon.]
III. The Spirit needed by every man.
1. On whom he is conferred. “As we press our seals, not on air or water, but on materials capable of receiving the characters, so the Holy Spirit of God is only given to really believing minds capable of receiving and preserving his seal.” [Jean Claude.]
2. He sets free. “To know the way to heaven, sometimes to cast a longing eye in that direction, and by fits and starts to make a feeble effort heavenwards, can end in nothing. We must get the Spirit of God. Thus only can we get free of the shackles that bind the soul to earth, to the flesh, and sin. I have seen a captive eagle, caged far from its distant home, as he sat mournful-like on his perch, turn his eye sometimes heavenwards; there he would sit in silence like one wrapt in thought, gazing through the bars of his cage up into the blue sky; and, after a while, as if noble but sleeping instincts had suddenly awoke, he would start and spread out his broad sails, and leap upward, revealing an iron chain, that, usually covered by his plumage, drew him back again to his place. But though this bird of heaven knew the way to soar aloft, and, sometimes, felt the thirst for freedom, freedom was not for him, till a power greater than his own proclaimed liberty to the captive, and shattered the shackles that bound him to his perch. Nor is there freedom for the soul of man till the Spirit of God sets him free, and by the lightning force of truth, breaks the chains that bind us to sin.” [Guthrie.]
3. We need Him as a Monitor. “He stirs up in us diligence, watchfulness, and earnest endeavours. He is ‘the Word behind thee saying, “This is the way—walk ye in it, when ye turn to the right hand, and when ye turn to the left.’ ” The cares and business of the world often drive the sense of our duty out of our minds. God’s Spirit puts us in remembrance, and revives truth to us in season. A ship, though never so well rigged, needs a pilot; we need a good guide to put us in mind of our duty.” [Manton.]
4. He gives a heavenly instinct. “ ‘Tell me,’ said a father to a son, ‘what difference you can detect between two needles—one of which has received an electric shock, while the other has not, and yet the one has hidden virtues which occasion will show, of which the other has none.’ The electric shock has rendered the one needle a magnet, which, duly balanced, will enable a man to find his way across the trackless ocean. As this needle, so may that soul be which has received the electric shock of the Holy Spirit; on the ocean of a sinful world, it shall point wanderers to the heaven of everlasting rest.” [Anon.]
5. He conveys a knowledge of spiritual things. “You may try to teach a child the meaning of the term ‘sweetness,’ but words will not avail; give him some honey and he will never forget. You might seek to tell him of the glorious mountains, and the Alps that pierce the clouds, and send their snowy peaks, like white-robed ambassadors, up to the courts of heaven; take him there, let him see them, and he will never forget them. You might paint to him the grandeur of the American continent, with its hills, and lakes, and rivers, such as the world sees nowhere else; but let him go and view it, and he will know more of the land than he could do by all your teaching, while he sits at home. So the Holy Spirit not only tells us about Christ’s love, but ‘sheds it abroad in the heart.’ He not only tells us of the sweetness of pardon, but gives us a sense of no condemnation, and then we know all about it better than we would have done by any teaching of words and thoughts.” [Spurgeon.]
“None so blind whose eyes the Spirit cannot open. He who by His incubation upon the waters at the Creation, hatched that rude mass into the beautiful form we now see; and out of that dark chaos made the glorious heavens, and garnished them with so many orient stars, can move on thy darkened soul, and enlighten it, though now it be as void of knowledge as the evening of the world’s first day was of light. The schoolmaster sometimes sends home the child, and bids the father put him to another trade, because not able, with all his art, to make a scholar of him; but if the Spirit of God be the master, thou shalt learn, though a very dunce.” [Gurnall.]
“The most correct and lively description of the sun cannot convey either the light, the warmth, the cheerfulness, or the fruitfulness which the actual shining of that luminary conveys; neither can the most laboured and accurate dissertations on grace and spiritual things impart a true idea of them, without an experience of the Holy Spirit’s work on the heart.
[Toplady.]
6. He breaks the seal of the Scriptures. “He that hath not the right key is as far from entering the house as he that hath none, yea, in some sense further; for he that hath none will call to him that is within, while the other, trusting to his false key, stands pottering without to little purpose. The Pharisees were not a little conversant with the Scriptures, yet they missed that truth which lay before them in almost every page and leaf of Moses and the Prophets, whom they were in their every-day study tumbling over.—I mean the grand truth concerning Christ, of which Moses and the Prophets everywhere speak.” [Gurnall.]
“Scripture can be savingly understood only by the inward illumination of the Holy Ghost. The Gospel is a picture of God’s free grace to sinners. Were we in a room hung with the finest paintings, and adorned with the most exquisite statues, we could not see one of them if all light were excluded. Now the blessed Spirit’s irradiation is the same to the mind that outward light is to the bodily eyes.” [Toplady.]
“If you go to a sun-dial at night and study it with a brilliant lamp, you may trace every figure and understand the markings thoroughly, but you will learn nothing of its practical use. If you want to do that, you must go to it when the sun is in its meridian, and then you will not only see the structure of the dial, but discover from it the hour of the day. So in reading this sacred book you can by the lamp-light of human reason, or the moonlight of tradition, understand it in its outward facts, but in its inner and saving meaning, you must ask the Author of the book to explain it to you. If on reading any book you find a passage of which you can make nothing, you do not go to others for the solution, but you go to the author himself, if within reach and accessible, and so get from him the best of all explanations. So the Divine Spirit who at first wrote this book waits at all times to explain its contents to those who ask Him to enlighten them.” [Cumming.]
“To unconverted persons a great part of the Bible resembles a letter written in cipher. The blessed Spirit’s office is to act as God’s decipherer, by letting His people into the secret of celestial experience, as the key and clue to those sweet mysteries of grace which were before as a garden shut up, or as a fountain sealed, or as a book written in an unknown character.” [Toplady.]
“Unconverted men often say, ‘If these things are so clear and so important, why cannot we see them?’ And there is no answer but this—‘Ye are blind.’ ‘But we want to see them. If they are real, they are our concern as well as yours. O that we had a preacher!’ But there is no such preacher as they desire. Let him gather God’s light as he will, he can but pour it on blind eyes. A burning-glass will condense sunbeams into a focus of brightness; and if a blind eye be put there not a whit will it see, though it be consumed.
Strong powers of understanding on your part will not serve. The great Earl of Chatham once went with a pious friend to hear Mr. Cecil. The sermon was on the Spirit’s agency in the hearts of believers. As they were coming from church, the mighty statesman confessed that he could not understand it all, and asked his friend if he supposed that any one could? ‘Why, yes,’ said he, ‘there were some plain, unlettered women and some children there, who understood every word of it and heard it with joy.’ ” [Hoge.]
7. He vitalises all means of grace. “Such is my belief in the reality, and existence, and agency of the Divine Spirit, that I think I should have no hope and no faith as a minister and labourer for the enfranchisement of mankind, if it were not that I believed there was an all-prevalent, vitalising Divine Spirit. I should as soon attempt to raise flowers if there were no atmosphere, or to produce fruits if there were neither light nor heat, as I should attempt to regenerate men, if I did not believe there was a Holy Ghost. I have faith in the Divine Spirit spread abroad over the whole human family, which is really the cause of life in the higher directions; and it is this faith that gives me hope and courage in all labour.” [Beecher.]
“Ordinances are but as the sails of a ship, ministers as the seamen that manage those sails; the anchor may be weighed, the sails spread; but when all is done, there is no sailing till a gale come. We preach and pray, and you hear; but there is no motion Christward, until the Spirit of God blows upon them.” [Flavel.]
“In vain do the inhabitants of London go to their conduits for supply, unless the man who has the master-key turn the water on; and in vain do we think to quench our thirst at ordinances, unless God communicate the living water of His Spirit. The word of God is of no avail to salvation without the Spirit of God. A compass is of no use to the mariner, unless he has light to see it by.” [Toplady.]
“An atmosphere without the sun would leave the earth cold and cheerless—a dreary habitation for living men. So the ordinances of the Gospel are streams which gladden the Church of God only, when He makes them the vehicles of His own power and presence to the soul.” [Salter.]
8. Without him no power. “Suppose an army to sit down before a granite fortress, and they intend to batter it down. We ask how? They point to a cannon-ball. Well, but there is no power in that. It is heavy, but not more than a hundredweight, or even half that. If all the men in the army were to throw it, that would make no impression. ‘No,’ they say, ‘but look at the cannon.’ Well, but there is no power in that; it is a machine, and nothing more. ‘But look at the powder.’ Well, there is no power in that; a child may spill it, a sparrow may pick it up. Yet this powerless powder, and this powerless ball, are put into this powerless cannon; one spark of fire enters it, and in the twinkling of an eye, that powder is a flash of lightning, and that cannonball is a thunderbolt, which smites as if it had been sent from heaven. So with our church machinery of the present day. We have instruments for pulling down our strongholds, but, Oh! for the baptism of fire.” [Arthur.]
IV. Demonstration of the Spirit.
“Demonstration is opposed to loose declamation, whereby the affections are captivated, but the judgment is left out. Here the judgment is first enlightened, and then the will and affections obey its decision. “The new man is created in knowledge after the image of Him that created him.” There is not merely rational demonstration. “He that hath heard and learned of the Father cometh unto Me.” He works as the “Spirit of wisdom and revelation in the knowledge of Christ.” Before the eyes of the Galatians Jesus Christ was set forth “evidently,” or drawn to the life. No one could do this but the Holy Spirit. Man can no more communicate this demonstration to his fellow than he can give understanding to an idiot, or sight to the blind.” This good and perfect gift cometh down from the Father of lights.” The things thus demonstrated are “most surely believed.”
A man who has a just sense of the weaknesss and fallibility of his own intellect may have misgivings that there is some flaw in his reasoning. It is, after all, but a chain of deductions, and some link may be left out, or may be weak and loose. But he who is led by the Spirit is assured by direct consciousness, and “needs not that any man teach him,” for in himself he feels “that this is truth, and is no lie.” “The Gospel comes to him not in word only, but also in power, and in the Holy Ghost and much assurance.”
The man who knows the truth, as taught by the Spirit, finds it to be “light to the eyes,” and “joy to the heart.” He rejoices in God’s Word “more than in all riches.” It creates a present heaven in the soul, for it is “full of glory.” He knows the paradox, “as sorrowful, yet always rejoicing.” The man with merely rational conviction does not intermeddle with this joy. The joy of the believer is far superior to that of those who “divide great store of spoil.” He says out of a full heart, “I will delight myself in Thy commandments which I have loved.” Many who could not defend their faith by force of reasoning against the sophistical cavils of their persecutors, could yet give this noble and unanswerable reply:—“I cannot speak for Christ, but I can burn for Him!” There is what the demonstration of the Spirit can do.
[Jamieson.]
V. Indwelling of the Spirit. “Every man who gives himself to Christ, and so belongs to Him, receives the Spirit of Christ to dwell in him as a proof of the same; ‘for if any man have not the Spirit of Christ, he is none of His.’ All Christians are said to be ‘builded together for an habitation of God through the Spirit.’ Addressing those who are Christians, the sacred writer says, ‘Know ye not that ye are the temple of God and that the Spirit of God dwelleth in you.’ ‘The temple of God is holy, which temple ye are.’ ”
This indwelling of the Spirit displays love, grace, and power worthy of the highest admiration. To enter into a human soul foul with the deepest stains, in which everything revolting to the holiness of His nature is exhibited, and to exert his influence there to purify it, and fit it for the refined and exalted joys of religion is condescension and benevolence, surpassing conception. He meets with resistance but does not retire; all the strength of the corrupt nature is opposed to His design—yet He subdues it with the utmost patience and forbearance. In His plastic hands, man an outcast from His Maker, vile and helpless—given over as irrecoverably lost, is transformed into a being adorned with the likeness of his Creator, devoted to His service, and destined to live in the happy seats of the spirits of light.
As a Divine Person, the Holy Spirit inhabits the temple of the universe, and heaven and earth are sustained and beautified by His influence. But He selects the souls of believers as the scene of His gracious operations. There He is present as the Spirit of truth and consolation. It is His office to diffuse the cheering and tranquillizing light of heaven, to shed a divine serenity over the thoughts and feelings, to inspire and strengthen good principles, to elevate the affections above secular objects, to give a taste of the sweetness of spiritual things, and to awaken hope with all its blissful anticipations. It is compared to a “well of living water springing up to everlasting life.” In youth, manhood, and old age, He promotes the growth of grace, and gives a foretaste of celestial bliss. The joy of the Christian is thus within. No man takes it from him. He is satisfied from himself—from the communications of the divine inmate in his soul, whose presence is life and whose favour is the sunshine of his spirit. Omnia mea mecum porto, said a self-sufficient sage of antiquity; it was a poor stock, and he must have starved upon it without the assistance of pride. But the Christian, with the Holy Ghost dwelling in his heart, can say with truth, that he “carries all his treasures with him,” for wherever he goes his joy remains and is full” (Rom_14:17). [Dick.]
“A house uninhabited soon comes to ruin; and a soul uninhabited by the Holy Spirit of God verges faster and faster to destruction.” [Toplady.]
“This indwelling of the Spirit is a pledge and foretaste of heaven. In the early times when land was sold, the owner cut a turf from the green sward, and cast it into the cap of the purchaser as a token that it was his; or he tore off the branch of a tree and put it into the new owner’s hand to show that he was entitled to all the products of the soil; and when the purchaser of a house received seizin or possession, the key of the door, or a bundle of thatch plucked from the roof, signified that the building was yielded up to him.
The God of all grace has given to His people all the perfections of heaven to be their heritage for ever, and the earnest of His Spirit is to them the blessed token that all things are theirs.
The Spirit’s work of comfort and sanctification is a part of heaven’s covenant blessings—a turf from the soil of Canaan, a twig from the tree of life, the key to mansions in the skies. Possessing the earnest of the Spirit, we have received seizin of heaven.”
[Spurgeon.]
VI. Spirit’s work silent and gentle.
“The Holy Spirit leads us as a mother leads by the hand her child of two years old; as a person who can see leads one who is blind.” [Vianney.]
“The operation of the Spirit doth very much imitate that of nature. It is in a very still and silent way, that the sap is drained in by the root, and ascends up the trunk of the tree, and diffuses itself to every branch, so that we may see that it lives, but we do not see how. The case is with souls that are brought to live in the Spirit, as with very infirm and languishing persons, who have been consumed and even next to death, in a corrupt air. Being removed into such as is pure and wholesome they revive, but in a very insensible way; so is this life preserved by a vital spiritual influence, which is a pure air to them, a gentle, indulgent, benign, and cherishing air; they live by it, and never a whit the worse, because it is not so turbulent as to make a noise.” [Salter.]
“Many of the most powerful agents of nature are themselves unseen, and only discovered by their fruits. We do not see the wind, either in the gentle breeze to fan us, or in the hurricane to work destruction among the labours of man. The heat that nourishes the plants of the earth, and the electricity so intimately connected with all atmospherical and organic changes move secretly and in silence. God Himself too, is unseen in the midst of His works. When we go forth to meditate, we are constrained to acknowledge that God is everywhere among these works of grandeur, and yet by intense gaze we cannot discover His person, nor, by patient listening, hear the sound of His footsteps. No jarring sound of mechanism comes across the void that intervenes between us and these heavens—no voice reaches our ear to tell of the Worker—it is the heavens themselves that declare His glory. And why should the God who created us, not be able to renew the heart, and yet be as unseen in the one case as the other?
There is a manifest congruity in the circumstance that the Agent conducts His work so silently and imperceptibly. Only thus can the spirit of man retain its separate action and freedom. There is no violence done to man’s nature in the supernatural work carried on in the heart. The dealings of God are in every respect suited to the essential principles of man’s nature, ‘I drew them with the cords of a man.’ ”
[McCosh.]
“Can I see the dew of heaven as it falls on a summer evening? I cannot. It comes down softly and gently, noiselessly and imperceptibly. But when I go forth in the morning after a cloudless night, and see every leaf sparkling with moisture, and feel every blade of grass damp and wet, I say at once ‘there has been a dew.’ Just so it is with the presence of the Spirit in the soul.” [Ryle.]
“A young man who had been piously brought up, but who had given himself to vice and folly, at last joined a company of pirates. A voice soft and gentle as a mother’s seemed to be always pleading with him; it was the cooing of a dove. He tried to shake off the effect, but again and again the sound threw his soul into a turmoil. One night when all was still around him, the tender, reproachful murmur seemed to pierce his very heart. He could stand it no longer; but throwing himself on his knees in an agony of contrition, he vowed before God to forsake his evil ways. By God’s help he did so. He went back to his home, became an altered man, and lived henceforward a pious and useful life.” [Anon.]
VII. Sin and folly of grieving or resisting the Spirit. “In times when vile men held the high places of the land, a roll of drums was employed to drown the martyr’s voice lest the testimony of truth from the scaffold should reach the ears of the people—an illustration of how men deal with their own consciences and seek to put to silence the truth-telling voice of the Holy Spirit.” [Arnot.]
“The Holy Spirit of God is our guide. Who would displease his guide, a sweet, comfortable guide, that leads us through the wilderness of this world? As the cloud by day, and the pillar of fire by night, He conducts us to the Heavenly Canaan. If we grieve our guide we cause Him to leave us to ourselves. The people of old would not go a step further than God by His angel went before them. It is in vain for us to make toward heaven without our blessed Guide.” [Sibbes.]
“Take heed, sinners, how you use the Spirit when He comes knocking at the door of your hearts. Open at His knock and He will be your guest; you shall have His pleasant company; repulse Him, and you have not a promise that He will knock again. If once He leave striving with thee, unhappy man, thou art lost! Thou liest like a ship cast up by the waves on some high rock, where the tide never comes to fetch it off. Thou wilt use ordinances in vain. The Spirit is both wind and tide to them, to set the soul afloat, and carry it on, or else it lies like a ship on dry ground which stirs not.” [Gurnall.]
VIII. Invite the Spirit to come again. “Lord, the motions of the Holy Spirit were formerly frequent in my heart. But alas! of late they have been great strangers. It is my great desire they should come again. Let the Spirit be pleased, not only to stand and knock before the door, let me humbly beg of thee, that thou would’st make the iron gate of my heart. I have given it an invitation, and I hope I shall give it room. But O thou that sendest guests, send the meal also; and if I be so unmannerly as not to bid the Holy Spirit welcome, let Thy effectual grace cause me make it so.” [Fuller.]
Return, O Holy Dove, return!
Sweet messenger of rest;
I hate the sins that made thee mourn,
And drove thee from my breast.
The dearest idol I have known,
whate’er that idol be,
Help me to tear it from thy throne,
And worship only thee.
The Preacher's Complete Homiletical Commentary (gen. ed. Joseph S. Exell; Funk & Wagnalls, c. 1892) — public domain (pre-1929). A full-Bible homiletical/sermon-outline anthology covering 65 of 66 books (2 John is absent from the source module). Text from a community e-Sword module.
J. R. Dummelow 1909 · Public Domain On v5 History of the Judges (Jdg_3:5 to Jdg_16:31)
History of the Judges (Jdg_3:5 to Jdg_16:31)
On this, the main section of the book, see Intro. § 2 and List of Oppressions and Judges. The larger part of the book is concerned with six of the Judges, one of whom is not properly a Judge at all (Abimelech), and in the case of another (Samson) isolated forays are recorded, but no actual deliverance.
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7-11. Chushan-rishathaim and Othniel.
7. The groves] RV 'the asheroth.' The word (another plural) means the sacred poles set up near an altar, which were common in Seniitic worship (even Solomon's temple had' pillars': see on 1Ki_7:21). Here, however, actual goddesses seem to be intended, perhaps regarded as symbolised by the poles.
8. Chushan-rishathaim] The Heb. word means 'Ethiopian of double iniquity.' The real name must be hidden behind this expression. Mesopotamia] see on Gen_24:10.
9. Othniel] cp. Jdg_1:13
10. The Spirit of the Lord] used here and elsewhere of the inspiration which makes a man capable of great and apparently superhuman exploits and achievements: Jdg_6:34; Jdg_11:29; Jdg_14:6; Jdg_15:14 : cp. also Exo_31:3.
12-30. Eglon and Ehud.
12. Moab] the high plateau on the E. of the Dead Sea: cp. 2Ki_3:24.
13. Ammon] N. of Moab: the Amalekites (Gen_36:12) are called Edomites. They occupied the desert between Sinai and S. Palestine. The Kenites formed one of their nomad clans, but on the whole their enmity to Israel was constant: cp. 1Sa_15:2; hence their readiness to join Eglon's invasion. City of palm trees] cp. 1Sa_1:16 : Jericho, which was thus not entirely destroyed (Jos_6:26). It would command the roads from central to southern Palestine.
15. Lefthanded] lit. 'lamed in his right hand.' Hence the success of his ruse: but Jdg_20:16 seems to show that ambidexterity is all that is meant: cp. also 1Ch_12:2. Present] i.e. tribute.
16. Dagger] RV 'sword,' about 14 in. in the blade. Being, on his right thigh (convenient for his left hand) the guards would not notice it.
17. Brought] RV 'offered,' as in 1Ch_12:18.
19. Quarries] RM 'graven images,' perhaps carved stones. Once beyond these (cp. Jdg_3:26), though only 2 m. from Jericho, Ehud knew that he was safe.
20. Summer parlour] RM 'upper chamber of cooling': a room on the flat roof of an Oriental house; in this case enclosed so that the interior was not visible from outside.
22. No meaning can be obtained from the Heb. words at the end of this v.
23. Locked] i.e. bolted (as in the East at present).
26. Seirath] unknown.
27. Mountain] i.e. hillcountry. The men of Ephraim (Joshua's tribe) are recognised as the leaders in Israel: cp. Jdg_8:1.
28. Toward Moab] RV 'against the Moabites,' i.e. to prevent their returning.
29. For the expression ten thousand, cp. Jdg_1:4; Jdg_4:6; Jdg_7:3; Jdg_20:34.
30. Fourscore] two full generations.
31. Shamgar] the first of the 'minor' Judges. The name is mentioned in Jdg_5:6, though not as a 'saviour.' No Philistine oppression is mentioned till later. An ox goad] would be an efficient substitute for a spear—a sixfoot staff tipped with a spike: cp. Jdg_15:14; and 2Sa_23:21.
J. R. Dummelow, A Commentary on the Holy Bible (Macmillan, 1909) — public domain. Text from a community e-Sword module.
C. I. Scofield 1917 · Public Domain On v7 Groves, like high places, have been associated with idolatrous…
Groves
Groves, like high places, have been associated with idolatrous worship from time immemorial. The Heb. asherah, trans. grove means also the idol enshrined there. Deu 16:21. This idol seems often to have been a sacred tree, the figure of which is constantly found on Assyrian monuments. In apostate Israel, however, such groves were associated with every form of idolatry, e.g. 2Ki 17:16; 2Ki 17:17.
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(See Scofield "1Ki 3:2") and Ashtaroth See Scofield "Jdg 2:13".
The Scofield Reference Bible (1917 edition), notes by C. I. Scofield — public domain. Text from a community e-Sword module.
Arno C. Gaebelein 1922 · Public Domain On v5 1. The Sin of Idolatry and Othniel
II. THE DECLENSIONS, PUNISHMENTS AND DELIVERANCES
1. The Sin of Idolatry and Othniel
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CHAPTER 3:5-11
1. The first declension (Jdg 3:5-7)
2. Sold to the king of Mesopotamia (Jdg 3:8)
3. The deliverance through Othniel (Jdg 3:9-11)
The first declension, bondage and deliverance is briefly related. We see how Israel went from bad to worse. First, the wicked nations they were to exterminate dwelt amongst them. Then the children of Israel established some relationship with them and dwelt amongst these nations. First, the children of Israel permitted them to exist in their midst; then the doomed nations gained the power over Israel and the people of God became dependent on them. The third step down is intermarriage. They did exactly what Jehovah had forbidden (Deu 7:2). Then they began to serve their idol-gods. It began by “forgetting the LORD.” The application to the individual believer and to the professing church can easily be made. If He is forgotten, who has redeemed us and made us His own, an alliance with the world is soon formed and rapid decline follows. The same story is written in the message to Ephesus, which stands prophetically for the Apostolic age. “I have against thee that thou hast left thy first love” (Rev 2:4). Leaving the first love means to have no longer the Lord Jesus Christ as the all-absorbing object before the heart. Thus the decline began in the Church, and it always begins in this way in the individual believer.
Chushan-Rishathaim, king of Mesopotamia, becomes their lord and they served him eight years. This king is the first punitive instrument in Jehovah’s hands. His name very significantly reveals the very condition into which Israel had plunged. Chushan-Rishathaim means “the blackness of double wickedness.” They had become doubly wicked, leaving Jehovah and serving strange gods.
When they cried unto the Lord out of the depths of their misery and sin, casting themselves once more upon Jehovah and turning their backs upon the strange gods, the Lord answered and sent a saviour who saved them. (The authorized version has “deliverer.” The correct translation is “saviour.”) It is the same Othniel of whom we read in chapter 1:13 and Jos 15:17. Othniel means “lion of God,” and as he was of Judah, he is the type of Him, who is the Lion of the tribe of Judah. Upon him rested the Spirit of the Lord. The king of Mesopotamia was given into his hands, and a rest of fifty years followed for Israel. Thus we too must return to the Lord and expect our deliverance from Him. What grace towards His people is manifested in this first deliverance!
Arno C. Gaebelein, The Annotated Bible (1913–1922) — public domain. Text from a community e-Sword module.
Paul E. Kretzmann 1924 · Public Domain On v7 Othniel Judge of Israel
Othniel Judge of Israel
v. 7. And the children of Israel did evil in the sight of the Lord, the usual formula introducing a chapter of oppression and deliverance, Jdg 2:11, and forgot the Lord, their God, and served Baalim and the groves, that is, Asherah, for in the heathen worship, the altar was consecrated to Baal, the pillar or treeidol to Astarte, or Ashtaroth, Jos 2:13.
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v. 8. Therefore the anger of the Lord was hot against Israel, it was kindled, it flared up in an angry flame, and He sold them into the hand of Chushan-rishathaim, king of Mesopotamia, some mighty monarch toward the East; and the children of Israel served Chushan-rishathaim eight years, by being obliged to pay heavy tribute money.
v. 9. And when the children of Israel cried unto the Lord, as they felt the severity of the oppression more and more, the Lord raised up a deliverer to the children of Israel, a man who was to save them from the tyrant, who delivered them, even Othniel, the son of Xenaz, Caleb’s younger brother, the conqueror of Debir, Jos 1:13; Jos 15:16-17.
v. 10. And the Spirit of the Lord came upon him, filling him with extraordinary military ability and valor, as well as the wisdom necessary to decide difficult cases according to the Law, and he judged Israel, restored justice and order, and went out to war; and the Lord delivered Chushan-rishathaim, king of Mesopotamia, into his hand; and his hand prevailed against Chushan-rishathaim, he defeated the oppressor and threw off the burden which was bearing Israel down. Thus the consciousness of God and of the duty toward Jehovah was restored in Israel.
v. 11. And the land had rest forty years, the people being able to follow all the pursuits of peace without outside interference. And Othniel, the son of Kenaz, under whose blameless and happy rule the land had been restored to its former prosperity, died. Thus the children of Israel had received a lesson the force of which was to be impressed upon them for all times, for every proof of God’s kindness is intended to make men cling to Him in firm trust.
Paul E. Kretzmann, Popular Commentary of the Bible (1921–1924) — public domain. Text from a community e-Sword module.
unfoldingWord translationNotes 2017 · CC BY-SA 4.0 On v7 what was evil in the sight of Yahweh
what was evil in the sight of Yahweh
The sight of Yahweh represents Yahweh's judgment or evaluation. See how you translated this in Judges 2:11. AT: "what was evil in Yahweh's judgment" or "what Yahweh considered to be evil" (See: Metaphor)
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forgot Yahweh their God
Here "forgot" is an idiom that means "they stopped obeying." (See: Idiom)
the anger of Yahweh was set on fire
Yahweh becoming very angry is spoken of as if his anger were something that could be set on fire. AT: "Yahweh became very angry" (See: Metaphor)
sold them into the hand of Cushan-Rishathaim
Allowing the people of Israel to be conquered is spoken of as if Yahweh sold them to Cushan-Rishathaim. AT: "allowed Cushan-Rishathaim and his army to defeat them" (See: Metaphor)
into the hand of Cushan-Rishathaim
Here "hand" is a metonym that represents power or control. Also, "Cushan-Rishathaim" is a synechdoche that represents himself and his army. (See: Metonymy and Synecdoche)
Cushan-Rishathaim
This is the name of a man. (See: How to Translate Names)
Aram Naharaim
This is the name of a country. (See: How to Translate Names)
translationWords
evil
Yahweh
worship
Baal
Asherah
hand
Mesopotamia
servant
year
unfoldingWord translationNotes — © Distant Shores Media and the Door43 World Missions Community, licensed CC BY-SA 4.0. Source: git.door43.org/Door43/en_tn.