that older men should be temperate, sensible, sober minded, sound in faith, in love, and in perseverance: and that older women likewise be reverent in behavior, not slanderers nor enslaved to much wine, teachers of that which is good, that they may train the young wives to love their husbands, to love their children, to be sober minded, chaste, workers at home, kind, being in subjection to their own husbands, that God’s word may not be blasphemed.
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But say the things which fit sound doctrine, that older men should be temperate, sensible, sober minded, sound in faith, in love, and in perseverance: and that older women likewise be reverent in behavior, not slanderers nor enslaved to much wine, teachers of that which is good, that they may train the young wives to love their husbands, to love their children, to be sober minded, chaste, workers at home, kind, being in subjection to their own husbands, that God’s word may not be blasphemed. Likewise, exhort the younger men to be sober minded. In all things be showing yourself an example of good works. In your teaching, be showing integrity, seriousness, incorruptibility, and soundness of speech that can’t be condemned, that he who opposes you may be ashamed, having no evil thing to say about us. Exhort servants to be in subjection to their own masters and to be well-pleasing in all things, not contradicting, not stealing, but showing all good fidelity, that they may adorn the doctrine of God, our Savior, in all things. For the grace of God has appeared, bringing salvation to all men, instructing us to the intent that, denying ungodliness and worldly lusts, we would live soberly, righteously, and godly in this present age; looking for the blessed hope and appearing of the glory of our great God and Savior, Jesus Christ, who gave himself for us, that he might redeem us from all iniquity, and purify for himself a people for his own possession, zealous for good works.
Parallel Translations
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that older men should be temperate, sensible, sober minded, sound in faith, in love, and in perseverance:
and that older women likewise be reverent in behavior, not slanderers nor enslaved to much wine, teachers of that which is good,
that they may train the young wives to love their husbands, to love their children,
to be sober minded, chaste, workers at home, kind, being in subjection to their own husbands, that God’s word may not be blasphemed.
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That the elder men be sober honest discrete sounde in the fayth in love and in paciece.
And the elder weme lykewyse that they be in soche rayment as becommeth holynes not falce accusars not geven to moche drinkynge but teachers of honest thynges
to make the younge wemen sobremynded to love their husbandes to love their children
to be discrete chast huswyfly good and obediet vnto their awne husbandes that the worde of god be not evyll spoken of.
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That the elder men be watchful, graue, teperate, sounde in the faith, in loue, and in patience:
The elder women likewise, that they be in such behauiour as becommeth holinesse, not false accusers, not subiect to much wine, but teachers of honest things,
That they may instruct the yong women to be sober minded, that they loue their husbands, that they loue their children,
That they be temperate, chaste, keeping at home, good and subiect vnto their husbands, that the word of God be not euill spoken of.
Cross-references (62)
- Proverbs 31:10-31 (v5) Who can find a worthy woman? For her price is far above rubies. The heart of her husband trusts in her. He shall have no lack of gain. She…
- Titus 2:4 (v3) that they may train the young wives to love their husbands, to love their children,
- Colossians 3:18 (v5) Wives, be in subjection to your husbands, as is fitting in the Lord.
- Galatians 5:23 (v2) gentleness, and self-control. Against such things there is no law.
- 1 Timothy 3:11 (vv2–3) Their wives in the same way must be reverent, not slanderers, temperate, and faithful in all things.
Show all 60 cross-references
- 1 Timothy 5:10 (v5) being approved by good works, if she has brought up children, if she has been hospitable to strangers, if she has washed the saints’ feet,…
- 1 Timothy 5:14 (v4) I desire therefore that the younger widows marry, bear children, rule the household, and give no occasion to the adversary for insulting.
- 1 Peter 3:1-5 (v5) In the same way, wives, be in subjection to your own husbands; so that, even if any don’t obey the Word, they may be won by the behavior of…
- 1 Peter 3:3-5 (v3) Let your beauty be not just the outward adorning of braiding the hair, and of wearing jewels of gold, or of putting on fine clothing; but…
- Genesis 3:16 (v5) To the woman he said, “I will greatly multiply your pain in childbirth. You will bear children in pain. Your desire will be for your…
- 1 Timothy 2:9-10 (v3) In the same way, that women also adorn themselves in decent clothing, with modesty and propriety, not just with braided hair, gold, pearls,…
- 1 Timothy 5:13-14 (v5) Besides, they also learn to be idle, going about from house to house. Not only idle, but also gossips and busybodies, saying things which…
- 1 Peter 4:7 (v2) But the end of all things is near. Therefore be of sound mind, self-controlled, and sober in prayer.
- Ephesians 5:22-24 (v5) Wives, be subject to your own husbands, as to the Lord. For the husband is the head of the wife, as Christ also is the head of the…
- 1 Thessalonians 5:8 (v2) But since we belong to the day, let’s be sober, putting on the breastplate of faith and love, and for a helmet, the hope of salvation.
- 1 Peter 5:8 (v2) Be sober and self-controlled. Be watchful. Your adversary, the devil, walks around like a roaring lion, seeking whom he may devour.
- Job 12:12 (v2) With aged men is wisdom, in length of days understanding.
- Proverbs 16:31 (v2) Gray hair is a crown of glory. It is attained by a life of righteousness.
- 1 Timothy 3:2 (v2) The overseer therefore must be without reproach, the husband of one wife, temperate, sensible, modest, hospitable, good at teaching;
- Titus 1:7 (v3) For the overseer must be blameless, as God’s steward, not self-pleasing, not easily angered, not given to wine, not violent, not greedy for…
- Titus 1:13 (v2) This testimony is true. For this cause, reprove them sharply, that they may be sound in the faith,
- Proverbs 7:11 (v5) She is loud and defiant. Her feet don’t stay in her house.
- Romans 12:3 (v2) For I say through the grace that was given me, to every man who is among you, not to think of himself more highly than he ought to think;…
- Ephesians 5:33 (v5) Nevertheless each of you must also love his own wife even as himself; and let the wife see that she respects her husband.
- 1 Timothy 5:2 (v4) the elder women as mothers; the younger as sisters, in all purity.
- 1 Timothy 3:8 (vv2–3) Servants, in the same way, must be reverent, not double-tongued, not addicted to much wine, not greedy for money,
- Genesis 18:9 (v5) They asked him, “Where is Sarah, your wife?” He said, “There, in the tent.”
- Leviticus 19:32 (v2) “ ‘You shall rise up before the gray head and honor the face of the elderly; and you shall fear your God. I am Yahweh.
- Psalms 92:14 (v2) They will still produce fruit in old age. They will be full of sap and green,
- Acts 9:36 (v5) Now there was at Joppa a certain disciple named Tabitha, which when translated, means Dorcas. This woman was full of good works and acts of…
- Romans 16:2 (v3) that you receive her in the Lord, in a way worthy of the saints, and that you assist her in whatever matter she may need from you, for she…
- Philippians 4:8 (v2) Finally, brothers, whatever things are true, whatever things are honorable, whatever things are just, whatever things are pure, whatever…
- 1 Timothy 3:4 (v2) one who rules his own house well, having children in subjection with all reverence;
- 1 Timothy 5:5-10 (v3) Now she who is a widow indeed and desolate, has her hope set on God, and continues in petitions and prayers night and day. But she who…
- Titus 1:8 (v2) but given to hospitality, a lover of good, sober minded, fair, holy, self-controlled,
- 1 Corinthians 15:34 (v2) Wake up righteously, and don’t sin, for some have no knowledge of God. I say this to your shame.
- Ephesians 5:3 (v3) But sexual immorality, and all uncleanness or covetousness, let it not even be mentioned among you, as becomes saints;
- 1 Thessalonians 5:6 (v2) so then let’s not sleep, as the rest do, but let’s watch and be sober.
- 1 Timothy 1:5 (v2) but the goal of this command is love, out of a pure heart and a good conscience and sincere faith,
- 1 Timothy 6:1 (v5) Let as many as are bondservants under the yoke count their own masters worthy of all honor, that the name of God and the doctrine not be…
- Titus 2:7 (v2) In all things be showing yourself an example of good works. In your teaching, be showing integrity, seriousness, incorruptibility,
- 1 Peter 1:13 (v2) Therefore prepare your minds for action. Be sober, and set your hope fully on the grace that will be brought to you at the revelation of…
- 2 Peter 1:6 (v2) and in knowledge, self-control; and in self-control perseverance; and in perseverance godliness;
- Genesis 16:8-9 (v5) He said, “Hagar, Sarai’s servant, where did you come from? Where are you going?” She said, “I am fleeing from the face of my mistress…
- 2 Samuel 12:14 (v5) However, because by this deed you have given great occasion to Yahweh’s enemies to blaspheme, the child also who is born to you will surely…
- Isaiah 65:20 (v2) “No more will there be an infant who only lives a few days, nor an old man who has not filled his days; for the child will die one hundred…
- Mark 5:15 (v2) They came to Jesus, and saw him who had been possessed by demons sitting, clothed, and in his right mind, even him who had the legion; and…
- Luke 8:35 (v2) People went out to see what had happened. They came to Jesus and found the man from whom the demons had gone out, sitting at Jesus’ feet,…
- Acts 9:39 (v5) Peter got up and went with them. When he had come, they brought him into the upper room. All the widows stood by him weeping, and showing…
- Acts 24:25 (v2) As he reasoned about righteousness, self-control, and the judgment to come, Felix was terrified, and answered, “Go your way for this time,…
- Romans 2:24 (v5) For “the name of God is blasphemed among the Gentiles because of you,” just as it is written.
- 1 Corinthians 9:25 (v2) Every man who strives in the games exercises self-control in all things. Now they do it to receive a corruptible crown, but we an…
- 1 Corinthians 11:3 (v5) But I would have you know that the head of every man is Christ, and the head of the woman is man, and the head of Christ is God.
- 2 Corinthians 5:13 (v2) For if we are beside ourselves, it is for God. Or if we are of sober mind, it is for you.
- Psalms 74:10 (v5) How long, God, shall the adversary reproach? Shall the enemy blaspheme your name forever?
- 1 Timothy 2:11-12 (v5) Let a woman learn in quietness with full submission. But I don’t permit a woman to teach, nor to exercise authority over a man, but to be…
- 1 Timothy 5:11 (v4) But refuse younger widows, for when they have grown wanton against Christ, they desire to marry,
- Hebrews 5:12 (v3) For although by this time you should be teachers, you again need to have someone teach you the rudiments of the first principles of the…
- Revelation 2:20 (v3) But I have this against you, that you tolerate your woman, Jezebel, who calls herself a prophetess. She teaches and seduces my servants to…
- 1 Corinthians 14:34 (v5) Let the wives be quiet in the assemblies, for it has not been permitted for them to be talking except in submission, as the law also says,
60 distinct cross-references across this passage (62 total citations).
Cross-references from openbible.info (CC BY 4.0)
Explain this passage (20 sources)
Historical commentary, presented as a primary source — not an endorsement.
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John Calvin 1540 · Public Domain On vv2–5 2. That aged men be sober He begins with…
2. That aged men be sober He begins with particular duties, that the discourse may be better adapted to the instruction of the people. And he does so, not only that he may accommodate himself to their capacity, but that he may press every one more closely; for a general doctrine produces a less powerful impression; but when by holding out a few cases, he has instructed every person about his duty, there is no one who may not easily conclude, that the Lord has sufficiently instructed him as to the work in which he ought to be employed. We must not therefore, look for a regular method here; for Paul’s design was only to state briefly what were the subjects concerning which godly teachers ought to speak, and not to undertake to treat largely of those subjects.
“Aged men” are mentioned by him in the first place. He wishes them to be “sober,” because excessive drinking is a vice too common among the old. Gravity, which he next mentions, is procured by well-regulated morals. Nothing is more shameful than for an old man to indulge in youthful wantonness, and, by his countenance, to strengthen the impudence of the young. In the life of old men, therefore, let there be displayed σεμνότης “a becoming gravity,” which shall constrain the young to modesty. This will be followed chiefly by temperance, which he immediately adds.
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Sound in faith I do not know whether the word “sound” or “healthy” contains an indirect allusion to the various diseases of old men, with which he contrasts this health of the soul; at least, I think so, though I do not affirm it. With good reason does he include in these three parts — faith, love, patience — the sum of Christian perfection. By faith we worship God; for neither calling upon him, nor any exercises of godliness, can be separated from it. Love extends to all the commandments of the second table. Next follows patience as the seasoning of “faith” and “love;” for without “patience” faith would not long endure, and many occurrences are taking place every day — instances of unhandsome conduct or evil temper, which irritate us so much that we should not only be languid, but almost dead, to the duties of love towards our neighbor, if the same “patience” did not support us.
John Calvin's Commentaries (1540-1563) — public domain. Text from the Calvin Translation Society English edition (1840s-50s) via the Christian Classics Ethereal Library (ccel.org). Calvin's coverage is partial (roughly two-thirds of the Bible); uncommented books and verses are honest gaps, never fabricated. The 19th-century editor's footnotes and remarks are omitted so the notes are faithfully Calvin's own voice.
Geneva Bible translators 1599 · Public Domain On vv2, 5 What are the chiefest virtues for old and young,…
What are the chiefest virtues for old and young, both men and women: and how they ought to be stirred up unto them continually.
Geneva Bible (1599) marginal notes — public domain.
John Trapp 1656 · Public Domain On vv2–5 2 That the aged men be sober, grave, temperate,…
2 That the aged men be sober, grave, temperate, sound in faith, in charity, in patience.
Ver. 2. That the old men be sober, &c.] Not as it is said of the Flemings, that quo magis senescunt eo magis stultescunt, the elder the more foolish. (Erasm. in Moriae Encom.) Solomon and Asa were so. And the heathen sages wisely warn us, that old age is to be feared, as that which comes not alone, but brings with it many diseases both of body and mind. Saepe fit ut Satan, quem iuvenero capere non potuit, annosum fallat et capiat, said Bucholcerus. Many that have held out well in youth, have failed and been shamefully foiled in old age.
John Trapp, A Commentary or Exposition upon All the Books of the Old and New Testament (1647–1656) — public domain. Text from a community e-Sword module.
Matthew Poole 1685 · Public Domain On vv2–5 That the aged men be sober: by the word…
That the aged men be sober: by the word πρεσβυτας seems here to be signified elders in age; he would have Timothy preach that these should be νηφαλιοι, sober, both as to body and mind: we met with the word before, 1Ti 3:2,11.
Grave; of a modest, composed behaviour, not light and airy.
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Temperate; that is, able to govern their passions and inclinations.
Sound in faith; we have met with the phrase before, Tit 1:13; see the notes; neither rotten through error, nor sick through fluctuation or scepticism.
In charity, that is, love.
In patience; a patient bearing of evils.
Matthew Poole's English Annotations on the Holy Bible (1683–1685) — public domain. Text from a community e-Sword/MySword module.
William Burkitt 1703 · Public Domain On vv2–3 By aged men, we may understand all ancient men…
By aged men, we may understand all ancient men in general, and church-officers in particular, in whom our apostle requires and calls for gravity and sobriety in behaviour, temperance in all things, that they be sound in faith, sincere in charity, and constant in patience.
Where note, That our apostle exempted none from the instructions, admonitions, and exhortations of the ministers of God. God’s school is as well for the aged as the young, not only for initiating youth, but also for the edifying the aged, and building them up in their most holy faith: the aged have but a little time to be in the world, their nature declines, their days are almost ended, they must therefore labour to recompense a decay of nature with increase of grace, the weakness of body with the strength of faith: Let the aged men be sound in faith.
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Note farther, that sobriety, gravity, temperance, soundness in the faith, eminent charity, and exemplary patience, are the great ornaments of persons in their old age.
William Burkitt's Expository Notes on the New Testament (1700–1703) — public domain. Text from a community e-Sword module.
John Gill 1763 · Public Domain On vv2–5 And the aged women likewise,.... Speak also to them…
And the aged women likewise,.... Speak also to them the things which become their profession, and what is right for them to be, and do: these aged women design not persons in office, who were ancient widows, and had some care of the poor; or presbyteresses, as some call them, the wives of presbyters or elders, as being distinct from deaconesses; but godly women in years, who are to be instructed and exhorted:
that they be in behaviour as becometh holiness; or "holy women", sanctified by the Spirit of God; and who are priestesses unto God, as the word may signify, being made so by Christ unto the Father, as men are made kings and priests by him; such ought to be in their clothing, and in their speech, and in the whole of their conduct and conversation, as become the character which they bear, and the profession they make:
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not false accusers; of the brethren, and sisters, which is to act the part of the devil; and indeed, the same word is here used which is commonly given to him; not raising false reports of, bringing false charges against members of churches, and so making differences and divisions among them.
Not given to much wine; or serving it, or being enslaved by it, which is very scandalous in any, especially in the female sex, and yet was what was too common in the eastern countries.
Teachers of good things; both by example and by instruction, but in their own houses privately; for they were not suffered to teach publicly, or to speak in the church; these should be teachers, not of old wives' fables, of superstitious customs, rites, and ceremonies, of the intrigues of love, and of things filthy and obscene, which are too often handed down to posterity by such persons; but of things that are solid and substantial, useful and improving, honest and honourable, chaste and pure. Particularly,
John Gill's Exposition of the Whole Bible (1746–1763) — public domain (CC PDM 1.0). Text via the HelloAO Bible API.
John Wesley 1765 · Public Domain On vv2–5 Vigilant - As veteran soldiers, not easily to be…
Vigilant - As veteran soldiers, not easily to be surprised. Patience - A virtue particularly needful for and becoming them. Serious - Not drolling or diverting on the brink of eternity.
John Wesley, Explanatory Notes Upon the Whole Bible (1754–1765) — public domain. Text via the GEBible commentary corpus.
Adam Clarke 1810 · Public Domain On vv2–5 Verse 2. That the aged men be sober] It…
Verse 2. That the aged men be sober] It is very likely that the word aged is to be taken here in its literal sense; that it refers to advanced years, and not to any office in the Church: the whole context seems to require this sense.
For an old man to be a drunkard, a light and trifling person, and a glutton, and not to be sober, grave, and temperate, is not only blamable but monstrous. Seneca has well said: Luxuriosus adolescens peccat; senew insanit. "A young man addicted to a life of luxury transgresses; an old man thus addicted runs mad."
Adam Clarke's Commentary on the Bible (1810–1826) — public domain. Text from a community e-Sword/MySword module.
Joseph Benson 1811 · Public Domain On v3 Tit 2:3-6. The aged women likewise — All of…
Tit 2:3-6. The aged women likewise — All of them in general, and not merely such as were employed by the church in teaching the young of their own sex the doctrines and precepts of Christianity; that they be in behaviour — Εν καταστηματι, in their deportment, including their dress, as the word implies; as becometh holiness — Or holy persons, as ιεροπρεπεις may be rendered, that is, such as is agreeable to their holy profession, and will manifest the holiness of their hearts; not false accusers — Slanderers, or evil speakers; not given to much wine — If they use a little for their many infirmities; teachers — For their age and experience call them to be so; of good things — Only, and not of any thing of a contrary nature. That they may teach the young women — These Timothy was to instruct himself; Titus, by the elder women; to be sober — Or wise. The original expression, ινα σωφρονιζωσι τας νεας, is, literally, That they may render the young women wise, or prudent, namely, in the performance of the duties of their station; to love their husbands, their children — In a due manner, with a tender, temperate, holy, wise affection. O how hard a lesson! To be discreet — Particularly in the love of their children; chaste — Particularly in the love of their husbands; keepers at home — Whenever they are not called out by works of necessity, piety, and mercy; good — Well-tempered, sweet, soft, obliging; obedient to their husbands — Whose will, in all things lawful, is a rule to the wife; that the word of God — The doctrine of the gospel, and the Christian religion; be not blasphemed — Or evil spoken of, particularly by unbelieving husbands, who usually lay all the blame of what they think wrong in their wives, on their religion. Young men exhort to be sober-minded — Or, rather, prudent and discreet, as σωφρονειν signifies.
Joseph Benson's Commentary on the Old and New Testaments (1811–1818) — public domain. Text from a community e-Sword module.
Albert Barnes 1834 · Public Domain On vv2–5 That the aged men - All aged men -…
That the aged men - All aged men - for there is no reason to suppose that the apostle refers particularly to those who were in office, or who were technically elders, or Presbyters. If he had, he would have used the common word - πρεσβύτερος presbuteros - “presbyter” (see Mat 15:2; Mat 16:21; Mat 21:23; Mat 26:3, Mat 26:47, Mat 26:57, Mat 26:59; 1Ti 5:1, 1Ti 5:17, 1Ti 5:19; Tit 1:5; Jam 5:14; 1Pe 5:1), instead of the unusual word - πρεσβύτης presbutēs - an old or aged man - a word which occurs nowhere else in the New Testament except in Luk 1:18, “For I am an old man,” and Phm 1:9, “being such an one as Paul the aged.” It is in no instance applied to an office. Besides, the instructions which Titus was to give to such men was not that which especially pertained to elders as officers in the church, but to all old men. The idea is, that he was to adapt his instructions to the special character of different classes of his hearers. The aged needed special instructions, and so did the young.
Be sober - Margin, “vigilant.” See the word explained in the notes at 1Ti 3:2, where it is rendered vigilant. In 1Ti 3:11, the same word is rendered sober. -
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Grave - Serious; see the notes at 1Ti 3:8; compare the notes at Phi 4:8, where the same word is rendered hottest.
Temperate - σώφρονας sōphronas. Rather, prudent, or sober-minded. See it explained in the notes, 1Ti 3:2, where it is rendered “sober.” Also Tit 1:8.
Sound in faith - 1Ti 1:10 note; Tit 1:13 note.
In charity - In love; Notes, 1 Cor. 13. The meaning is, that an old man should evince love for all, especially for those who are good. He should have overcome, at his time of life, all the fiery, impetuous, envious, wrathful passions of his early years, and his mind should be subdued into sweet benevolence to all mankind.
In patience - In the infirmities of old age - in the trials resulting from the loss of the friends of their early years - in their loneliness in the world, they should show that the effect of all God’s dealings with them has been to produce patience. The aged should submit to the trials of their advanced years, also, with resignation - for they will soon be over. A few more sighs, and they will sigh no more; a little longer bearing up under their infirmities, and they will renew their youth before the throne of God.
Albert Barnes' Notes on the Bible (1834–1885) — public domain. Text from a community e-Sword/MySword module.
Haydock's Catholic Bible Commentary 1859 · Public Domain On vv2–5 Be sober. The Greek Fathers, Theodoret, and Theophylactus, translate…
Be sober. The Greek Fathers, Theodoret, and Theophylactus, translate the word, sober, attentive, or vigilant. But Latin interpreters understand it of sobriety, in the literal meaning of the word. Old men oftentimes under pretense of weakness, drink wine to excess. The ancients called wine the milk of old men; hence aquilæ senectus has passed into a proverb, to designate an old man who drinks much and eats little. (Calmet)
George Leo Haydock (1774–1849), Haydock's Catholic Family Bible and Commentary, 1859 edition — public domain. Excludes Psalms (Douay-Rheims chapter numbering differs from Protestant) and Deuterocanonical books (Catholic canon only).
Robert Jamieson, A. R. Fausset & David Brown 1871 · Public Domain On vv2–5 sober--Translated "vigilant," as sober men alone can be (Ti1…
sober--Translated "vigilant," as sober men alone can be (Ti1 3:2). But "sober" here answers to "not given to wine," Tit 2:3; Tit 1:7.
grave--"dignified"; behaving with reverent propriety.
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temperate--"self-restrained"; "discreet" [ALFORD], (Tit 1:8; Ti1 2:9).
faith . . . charity [love] . . . patience--combined in Ti1 6:11. "Faith, hope, charity" (Co1 13:13). "Patience," Greek, "enduring perseverance," is the attendant on, and is supported by, "hope" (Co1 13:7; Th1 1:3). It is the grace which especially becomes old men, being the fruit of ripened experience derived from trials overcome (Rom 5:3).
Jamieson, Fausset & Brown — Commentary Critical and Explanatory on the Whole Bible (1871) — public domain (CC PDM 1.0). Text via the HelloAO Bible API.
Daniel D. Whedon 1874 · Public Domain On vv2–5 2. Sober—The opposite of all extravagance of conduct or…
2. Sober—The opposite of all extravagance of conduct or character.
Grave—The opposite of all levity.
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Temperate—Implying self-mastery; the well-balanced control of all our appetites and passions. After these three adjectives of moral excellence, now follow three clauses of more strictly religious quality.
Sound—Spiritually healthful. The three following nouns have each the Greek article: in the faith, the love, the patience, inspired, that is, by, and belonging to, the blessed Gospel.
Daniel D. Whedon (gen. ed.), Commentary on the Old and New Testaments (1874–1909) — public domain. Text from a community e-Sword module.
The Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges 1878 · Public Domain On vv2–5 2. the aged men] Better, aged men; here of…
2. the aged men] Better, aged men; here of the ordinary life of the older men, as the comparative is used in 1Ti_5:1 ‘rebuke not an elder’; not ‘elders’ or ‘presbyters.’ St Paul is himself four or five years older than when he wrote to Philemon ‘being such an one as Paul the aged’ (Tit_2:9).
sober, grave, temperate] Render sober, grave, pure, in preference to R.V. ‘temperate, grave, sober-minded,’ which are too nearly allied in modern significance; R.V. has the restricted modern sense of ‘temperate’ here (of use in drink), when in Tit_1:8 it has been used in the large and proper sense. Bp Wordsworth for ‘grave’ suggests ‘reverend,’ ‘worshipful.’ ‘Sober’ in regard to ‘strong drink,’ see note on the word 1Ti_3:2; ‘grave’ in all ‘propriety of demeanour,’ see note on the corresponding substantive 1Ti_3:4; ‘pure’ in respect of ‘unclean thought and desire,’ see notes on the word 1Ti_3:2; below Tit_2:4.
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sound in faith, in charity, in patience] The articles seem intentionally prominent, sound in their faith, their love, their patience; ‘these are recognised essentials of Christian character, but be careful that you have the real wholesome graces, without anything spurious or diseased.’ The article is used throughout the emphatic enumeration of these and other Christian virtues, 2Pe_1:5-7, where R.V. translates with italics ‘in your temperance patience, &c. There ‘faith’ is the first and ‘love’ the last. The ‘patience’ is especially seen in tribulation, cf. Rom_12:12.
The Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges (gen. ed. J. J. S. Perowne; Cambridge University Press, 1878–1918) — public domain. Text from a community e-Sword module.
Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers 1878 · Public Domain On vv2–5 (2) That the aged men.—Not presbyters, or elders, in…
(2) That the aged men.—Not presbyters, or elders, in an official sense, but simply the “old men” in the congregations.
Be sober.—In a more extended sense than the bare literal meaning of the word would give. Let the elder men be “thoughtful,” in contrast with the thoughtlessness of careless youth.
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Grave.—And quietly earnest, in contrast with all passion and undue excitability.
Temperate.—Discreet, or self-restrained, would be a better rendering for the Greek word.
Sound in faith, in charity, in patience.—Here Paul the aged sums up for the aged men of Crete in these three words, so well known by all his devoted hearers then, by all the devout students of his theology in subsequent ages, the great principles out of which the true saint life springs—faith, love, patience. In the famous Pauline trilogy of virtues, in this place, “patience” takes the place of hope, because this brave patience, this enduring fortitude, especially becomes the old man waiting for death. In respect to these “three” they must be healthy, sound. The faith must not be adulterated with superstitions—the love must be chivalrous, not sentimental. It must be no partisan feeling, but a tender affection, broad and inclusive, as was St. Paul’s and his Master Christ’s. The patience must be no mere tame acquiescence in what seems to be the inevitable, but must be brave, enduring, suffering—if suffering comes—for the Lord’s sake with a smile on the lips. “Not without reason,” writes Calvin, “does St. Paul include in these three the sum of Christian perfections.” It is with “faith” that we worship God—no prayer, no work of piety, can be severed from “faith.” “Love” spreads its wings over all our duties to our neighbour; and “patience” must ever go hand in hand with both “faith” and “love.” Without “patience” could “faith” hardly endure; and the affronts and unkindnesses of the world would, without this high virtue of patience, soon deaden and even destroy “love.”
A Bible Commentary for English Readers, edited by Charles John Ellicott (1878–1897) — public domain. Text from a community e-Sword module.
The Pulpit Commentary 1880 · Public Domain On vv2–5 Aged for the aged, A.V; temperate for sober, A.V;…
Aged for the aged, A.V; temperate for sober, A.V; sober-minded for temperate, A.V; love for charity, A.V Temperate (nhfaliov); as 1Ti_3:2, (where see note). Grave (semnouv); as 1Ti_3:8, 1Ti_3:11. (see too 1Ti_2:2 1Ti_3:4) Sober-minded (swfronav); as Tit_1:8, note. Sound (ugiainontav); see ver. 1, note, and Tit_1:13, where, as here, the word is applied to persons, as it is in its literal sense in 3Jo
2. Faith... love... patience. We have the same triad 1Ti_6:11. In 1Co_13:13 we find "faith, hope, love." In 1Th_1:3 the apostle joins "work of faith, labor of love," and "patience of hope," which last phrase seems almost to identify patience and hope. (Rom_8:25 Rom_15:4) We must not miss the important warning, not only to have some kind of faith, love, and patience, but to be healthy and vigorous in our faith, love, and patience. There is a puny faith, a sickly love. and a misdirected patience.
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The duties of aged men.
The apostle begins with the most important class in the Church those who are the leaders of the young. Their characteristic deportment is to be fourfold.
I SOBRIETY.
1. This habit of mind is contrasted with the thoughtlessness and levity of youth. It is combined with
a. watchfulness (1Th_5:6) and
b. prayer. (1Pe_4:7)
2. There are lofty motives to sobriety. (1Pe_4:7 1Pe_5:8)
II GRAVITY, in the sense of a dignified deportment.
1. Old men ought not to lend themselves to the levity and flippancy of the young.
2. If they are grave in speech and gait, they will have more weight in the community. There must be no undue excitability.
III TEMPERANCE, OR SELF-RESTRAINT.
The aged ought to show an example of self-government in regard to the passions, the appetites, and the will. The pleasures of sense ought not to allure them, or the love of the world to carry them away.
IV SOUNDNESS IN FAITH, LOVE, AND PATIENCE. Here is the trilogy of graces once more, only that patience takes the place of hope, to which it is nearly allied.
1. There is to be a healthy action of these graces in old age. As if in contrast with the diseases, weakness, and age of the body. The aged have seen their best days, and they ought to reconcile the decay of nature with the increase of grace, so as to make human life to its extreme limit resplendent with beauty and truth.
2. Each of the graces has its appropriate place in the character of the aged.
(1) Faith. It is the subjective condition of it. The old have their hopes sustained by faith; their hearts are cheered by faith; they remain steadfast through faith. It must be at once the principle of their worship, their piety, and their endurance.
(2) Love. The old are apt to become contracted and cold in their sympathies. But Christian love keeps the heart young and tender and sincere, and the old illustrate its power in growing tolerance, wisdom, and kindliness.
(3) Patience. They have to bear with many infirmities of body, with declining faculties, with growing decrepitude. But Christian patience must be more than a dull acquiescence with the inevitable; it must be a cheerful acceptance of suffering, that patience may have her perfect work in the closing days of life. T.C.
HOMILIES BY W.M. STATHAM Ver. 2. Aged Christian men.
"That the aged men be sober, grave, temperate, sound in faith, in charity, in patience." There are appropriate fruits for every time of life, and the Christian man bringeth forth fruit in his season. A frivolous, fantastical age is a distasteful spectacle. Old age should be cheerful; but fun should be without frivolity, and laughter without levity.
I THE REVERENCE DUE TO AGE. We look for sobriety of character as the result of the experience of a man who has found that there are limits to all expectations; gravity in one who is nearing his great account; and temperance in one who is supposed to have trampled down the fierce passions of youth. We reverence age for the consistency of the long years of life, and for fidelity to conscience and to Christ.
II THE FRUITS THAT MAY RIPEN IN AGE. They are:
1. Faith, which is a grace that grows. As men know more of Christ by heart-experiences and life-experiences, so ought their faith to increase in him whose promises have all been "Yea and Amen.
2. Charity, alike in kindly estimate of others, in less bigotry, and in more comprehensiveness of embrace to all who may belong to other folds under the great Shepherd.
3. Patience. For while manhood has to work, age at eventide has to wait, sometimes in pain or in weakness. Still "they serve" while they wait, by prayer and quiet submission to the great will, the Lord"s will. They are "examples to the flock. W.M.S.
The Pulpit Commentary (1880–1919), ed. H.D.M. Spence-Jones & Joseph S. Exell — public domain. Text from a community e-Sword module.
The Biblical Illustrator 1887 · Public Domain On vv2–3 That the aged men be sober
Tit_2:2
That the aged men be sober
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The temptations and duties of old men
I.
Sins to be avoided.
1. Indulgence in wine.
2. Irreverence.
3. Folly, Temperate here is really prudent, sound minded.
II. Virtues to be cherished.
1. Stability.
2. Love.
3. Patience. (F. Wagstaff.)
The duty of old men
Our apostle exempteth not old men from being subject to the doctrine of God because of their age, but rather sendeth them first to school, notwithstanding all that knowledge and experience which they might pretend (1Jn_2:13). For Gods school is as well for old as for young, in which men are not only to be initiated in the principles of religion, but also to be led forward unto perfection of wisdom; and seeing no man can attain in this life unto perfection, therefore every man is still to press forward, and to wax old daily learning something. And there is great reason that as old men must first be instructed by Titus, so they should be the first in learning their duty.
1. First, in regard of example, for their presidence prevaileth much, and would be a great inducement to the younger, who need all encouragements in the ways of God, which example not being generally given by oar elder men, besides that they entangle themselves in the sins of the younger, we cannot marvel at the licentiousness of our youth.
2. The honour of their age, yea, the ornament and crown of their years, is to be sound in the ways of righteousness, that is, in a life led holily and justly, which two can never be found but in a heart submitted to the Word of God, the rule of both.
3. Whereas old men are delighted with relations of idle antiquities, and things formerly passed as long as they can recall, the Holy Ghost recalleth them from such unfruitful spending of their time, and showeth them that Christ and His doctrine, both of them being from the beginning, are most ancient, and consequently the knowledge and remembrance of Him is a matter best beseeming them; to have their senses and tongues exercised herein should be the delight of their age; to be conversant in the holy exercises which witness of Him should be their chief business, as old Hannah went not out of the Temple, and old Simeon waited there to see his salvation.
4. Their time by the course of nature cannot be long to fit themselves to heaven, and therefore they had not need slack any opportunity which might hasten them thither. (T. Taylor, D. D.)
Suitable characteristics for the aged
Sobriety in all things is the peculiar character befitting age. Hasty, impulsive, intemperate speech, frivolous gaiety, thoughtless indulgence, are hateful in the old. The Christian elders should at least aim to possess the virtue without which hoary hair would be a disgrace rather than a crown of glory. They are not only to be sober, but grave and discreet, terms which nobly pourtray and illustrate the highest characteristics and the truest consecration of age,
Age should fly concourse, cover in retreat
Defects of judgment, and the will subdue;
Walk thoughtful on the silent, solemn shore
Of the vast ocean it must sail so soon.
Healthy, or sound, must they be in respect to their faith, love, and patient endurance. The apostle, in his earliest Epistle (1Th_1:3), congratulated that Church on work of theirs which originated in faith, on labour unto weariness which was dictated by love, and on patient endurance which was born of Christian hope. In writing to the Corinthians (1Co_13:13), he says, Now abideth faith, hope, love. The Lord, from His throne of glory, addressed the Ephesian Church (Rev_2:2) thus: I know thy works, thy labour unto weariness, and thy patient endurance. The passages throw light upon each other. Occasionally hope, the child of faith, the source of patience, the secret of peace, and the wellspring of joy, is substituted by the apostle for one or other of the emotions with which it is so closely associated, either as antecedent or consequent. But, making allowance for this characteristic touch, it is profoundly interesting to trace in this--one of the latest of the Pauline Epistles--the vibration of a note struck by him in his earliest; an argument of no small weight in determining the authenticity of the Pastoral Epistles. Paul would have Titus cultivate among the aged men of Crete the root principles out of which all holy living proceeds. The peculiarity of the Pastoral Epistles--reference, i.e., to the being sound or healthy in these respects--suggests the possibility that faith may be under mined or perverted; that love may become irregular, sentimental, partisan, or hysterical; and that patience may degenerate into listlessness, obstinacy, or stoicism, if it be not fed at the fountains of Christian hope. Does not the reference here to the causes and sources of holy living, rather than to those effects of them on which he had enlarged when writing to the Thessalonians (1Th_1:3), suggest to us that the longer St. Paul lived, he more and more acquired the habit of putting confidence in Christian principles and sound motives? (H. R. Reynolds, D. D.)
Behaviour suitable for the aged
He that hath received much must bring forth much fruit, as the servant that had five talents committed unto him gained five other talents. So old men must be grave and sober, and carry a majesty in their countenance, that they may after a sort resemble the majesty of God. As gravity and sobriety agreeth to every age, so most especially to the elder age, contrary to which is lightness, lasciviousness, and waywardness, which make them not honourable, but odious, not to be reverenced, but to be despised in the eyes of the younger sort. Let them adorn their years with those virtues which the apostle nameth. If they be careful to express these things which become wholesome doctrine, they shall manifestly show that their living so in the world hath not been in vain; but honour is not seemly for a fool. The wise man saith, The beauty of the young men is their strength, and the glory of the aged is the greyheaded, that is, wisdom, counsel, experience, whereby they are more adorned than the young man is beautified by his bodily strength. For the ornaments of the mind are to be preferred before the properties of the body. Again, they must be examples of a godly life and holy conversation, that youth may stand in fear to commit any indecent and unseemly thing in their presence. Thus Job saith of himself (chap 29), When I went out of the gate, the young men saw me, and hid themselves. But when the elder sort are ringleaders and examples of an evil and corrupt life, there is more gravity on their heads than piety in their hearts; in their white hairs than in their behaviour; and so the crown of honour is taken from them, and they are justly condemned, despised, and reproached of those of whom they should be honoured. For we may see old men so hardened in wickedness, that if a man would find whole heaps of wickedness, he need seek no farther but to them. We are all to honour the grey head and to magnify old age, for (as Solomon saith) Age is a crown of glory when it is found in the way of righteousness, whereby he meaneth that old age, seasoned with a godly life and upright, bringeth with it as great glory as a crown on the head and a sceptre in the hand doth unto a king, and therefore such old men are greatly to be reverenced and highly to be esteemed. But many, except they should be honoured for their ignorance, superstition, frowardness, maliciousness, waywardness, covetousness, drunkenness, licentiousness, and self-will, there is nothing else to be found in them, to be learned of them, to be gathered from them. By these foul enormities they bring themselves into contempt, and bring shame and reproach upon their own heads, so that no man defameth and dishonoureth them so much as themselves. Surely, if young men misbehave and misgovern themselves, they are not to be excused, but to be reproved, because they ought to order their lives aright, and remember their Creator in the days of their youth, and not deserve to be evil spoken or reported of; but old folks are doubly worthy of the shame that men do them, if they be not honoured for their virtues. They should learn by their long life and old age to grow in the knowledge of God and His Son Jesus Christ, to hate sin, to delight in righteousness, and daily to die unto the world. (W. Attersoll.)
The theological use of old age
One of the uses of the aged is to keep our theology sweet. I should be very much afraid for evangelical doctrine if there were none but young men in the Church. Youth loves to speculate. Old age loves to rest in ascertained realities. Youth is destructive. You have seen a boy when he has got a gun. He goes popping at everything--sparrows, cats, barn doors. He can hardly resist levelling even at his own father. So, when a young man becomes conscious of the possession of reason, he is for exercising it upon everything. Nothing is so sacred as to be beyond the reach of this destructive weapon, and truths are often in danger of being swept away along with the falsities. But, on the other hand, old age is proverbially conservative, and so the needful counteractive is supplied. A man may have gone very wide in his young days, but, as a rule, he comes round again to the old starting point--comes home to the old centre when he is verging upon threescore years and ten. A soul that is consciously on the brink of eternity cannot do with the shallow fallacies that once passed muster as excellent substitutes for the old faith. It finds that, after all, the old gospel is the thing it wants. The late learned Dr. Duncan said to a student, I do not forbid you to speculate. I like speculation. I have speculated a great deal during my life, but now that I am turning an old man, I am in love with the facts. Then he added in a quasi-humorous tone, Now that Im an auld man, I have just come back to the theology of the old wives and the bairns. I like that. This is a useful element in the Church. Thank God for the aged and for their tenacious grasp of the essential verities of the gospel. (J. Halsey.)
If age be blended with naughtiness, the older the worse
An old river without water quencheth not our thirst. An old friend that hath lost his honesty is worse than an old picture that hath lost its colour. Old wine no man commends; when it is turned to vinegar, let them take it that like it. An old house is no safe harbour when it is ready to fall on the inhabiters head. An old man that hath lost his experience is like a boulter; much good flour hath gone through it, but there is nothing left in it but bran. (T. Adams.)
Temperate
The limit of law and reason
Notice the frequent occurrence of a single epithet which may almost be said to characterise Christian behaviour, as St. Paul, in his later days, came to conceive of it. The repetition of the word I mean is veiled from readers of the Authorised Version by variations in the rendering of it. In one form or another it really occurs in these verses four times. First, old men are to be temperate: that is its first occurrence. Then, elderly females are to teach the young wives to be sober, another use of the same word. Next, the younger women are to be discreet, the same word. Finally, it is the solitary requirement for young men that they be sober minded, where once more the same word is retained. What is this moral quality which Paul felt it to be so necessary to enforce upon every age and on both sexes? It denotes that moral health which results from a complete mastery over the passions and desires, so that, in Archbishop Trenchs words, they receive no further allowance than that which the law and the right reason admit and approve. Self-control would probably come as near the idea as any single word we can employ. But it includes such moral sanity or wisdom of character as is only to be attained through the habitual control of the reason over loose, illicit, or excessive desires of every kind. It is by no means to be wondered at that St. Paul should have laid much emphasis on this virtue. Heathen society in its later periods was remarkable for the weakening of self-control. Self-indulgence became at once its danger and its disgrace. When religion came to be thoroughly divorced from ethics, no curb remained strong enough to restrain the bulk of men either from angry passion or from sensual gratification. Against this tendency of the later classical period philosophers and moralists were never weary of inveighing. The very word which St. Paul here uses was with them the technical name for a cardinal virtue, the praises of which, as the fairest of the gifts of the gods, they were always sounding. But the foolish excess which heathen religion had failed to check defied heathen philosophy too. The time had come for Christianity to try its hand. The task was a hard one. I have no doubt Paul beheld with anxiety the growing inroads which, before his death, the loose and reckless habits of his age had begun to make even upon those little sheltered companies that had sought a new refuge beneath the Cross. In these latest writings he reiterates the warning to be sober minded with no less urgency than Plato or Aristotle. We may well thank God that he based the admonition on more prevailing pleas. It took a long time for Christianity to lay the foundations of a manlier and purer society; but it did so in the end. The old civilisation was past remedy and perished. Into the new, which should take its place, the gospel inspired a nobler temper. The restored authority of Divine law and the awful sense of the evil of sin, which were the Churchs inheritance from Judaism, the value of personal purity which it learned at the Cross, the new conception of sanctity which Christ created, the hopes and dreads of the hereafter: these things trained our modern nations in their youth to a reverential sobriety of character, an awe for what is holy, and a temperate enjoyment of sensual delights, such as had utterly disappeared from the Greco-Roman world. It is for us to take heed, lest, amid the growth of wealth, the cheapening of luxuries, and the revolt against restraining authority which distinguish our own age, we should forfeit, before we are aware of it, some of that chastened decorous simplicity and manly self-control which lies so near the base of a noble Christian character, and which has been one of the gospels choicest gifts to human society. (J. O. Dykes, D. D.)
The Biblical Illustrator, edited by Joseph S. Exell (c. 1880s–1900s) — public domain. Text from a community e-Sword module.
B. W. Johnson 1891 · Public Domain On vv2–5 2. That the aged men be sober. Not given…
2. That the aged men be sober. Not given to wine. We must keep in mind that the converts had recently been given to heathen vices. Temperate. Exhibiting self-control. Sound in faith. True believers. In patience. Steadfastly persevering.
B. W. Johnson's The People's New Testament with Notes (1889–1891) — public domain. Electronic text from the Christian Classics Ethereal Library (CCEL) ThML edition.
The Preacher's Complete Homiletical Commentary 1892 · Public Domain On v4 Tit_2:4. That they may teach.—R.V. “may train.” The word…
CRITICAL AND EXPLANATORY NOTES
Tit_2:4. That they may teach.—R.V. “may train.” The word almost suggests that there was a certain amount of levity amongst the younger wives inconsistent with a profession of Christianity.
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Tit_2:5. Keepers at home R.V. “workers at home.” The term in the R.V. comprehends and adds to that in the A.V.
Tit_2:7. Showing thyself a pattern.—Titus was not to be like the scribes and Pharisees of whom our Lord spoke, who say what others should do and do not themselves observe it. In doctrine … uncorruptness.—As befits the doctrine of God our Saviour. There must be no admixture of error. Gravity.—See the adjective corresponding in Tit_2:2 and note.
Tit_2:8. May be ashamed.—“That possibly he may come to feel shame.”
MAIN HOMILETICS OF THE PARAGRAPH.—Tit_2:4-8
Christianity and the Young.
I. Christianity has a message to young married women (Tit_2:4-5).—They are to be discreet and self-restrained in their behaviour; to love their husbands and children, the foundation of all domestic peace and happiness; to be keepers at home, the guardians of the house, and to find their sphere of highest usefulness in the duties of the home circle: whilst thrifty as housewives, they are to be good and kind, not churlish and niggardly; to show love to their own husbands by a dutiful submission; and thus guard the gospel from the reproach which their inconsistencies would occasion. “Unless we are virtuous, blasphemy will come through us to the faith.” To fail in any duty is to discredit the religion we profess.
II. Christianity has a message to young men (Tit_2:6).—The burden of that message is to be sober-minded, self-restrained. Youth is tempted to excess, and it is no easy task to repress its wild impulses and passions. The youth-time that is spent in pleasure and folly will lay the foundation of a premature and suffering old age. Beza, the Swiss reformer, in his last will and testament thanks God that he was brought to know Him at the age of sixteen, and thus, by having the fear of God before him, escaped the pollutions of the world. We talk about a man beginning life at twenty one, but in nine cases out of ten all the questions of eternity are decided before that. The first twenty years of a man’s life, as a rule, mould what his eternity will be.
III. Christianity has a message to young ministers (Tit_2:7-8).—They are to be patterns of good works—lively, diligent, zealous. Their purity and sincerity of motive and aim must be apparent in their teaching; and their speech in public and private must be pervaded by a dignified seriousness, that the adversary of the truth may be put to confusion by the power of the word and the evident sincerity and enthusiasm of the preacher. All the freshness, charm, and romance of youth, its poetry, high-spiritedness, and unlimited capacity for work, should be put into every ministerial duty. Youth is a golden opportunity with which we can buy a rich inheritance of future blessedness and joy. The young minister will never again have the vigour and possibilities of work he possesses to-day.
Lessons.—
1. Religion does not destroy but augments the pleasures of youth.
2. Religion is the guide and guardian of youth.
3. We are never too young to love and serve God.
GERM NOTES ON THE VERSES
Tit_2:6. Sober-mindedness.
I. Sober-mindedness is a just judgment of things, and this judgment exercised in real effective authority.
II. Must be consciously held as under the sanction and as having the authority of the Supreme Power.
III. Cannot be attained without the person’s forming a sound judgment of his own mind.
IV. Must maintain a systematic strong restraint on the passions, fancy, tempers, appetites.
V. Is quite necessary for the subordinate schemes and purposes of life.—J. Foster.
Tit_2:7-8. The Power of Truth.
I. The power of truth in the preacher.—
1. His teaching will be living and real.
2. Will so preach the truth as to convince others of his sincerity.
II. The power of truth on others.—
1. Will silence criticism.
2. Put opposition to shame and confusion.—F. W.
The Preacher's Complete Homiletical Commentary (gen. ed. Joseph S. Exell; Funk & Wagnalls, c. 1892) — public domain (pre-1929). A full-Bible homiletical/sermon-outline anthology covering 65 of 66 books (2 John is absent from the source module). Text from a community e-Sword module.
unfoldingWord translationNotes 2017 · CC BY-SA 4.0 On v3 Teach older women likewise
Teach older women likewise
"In the same way, teach older women" or "Also teach older women"
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slanderers
This word refers to people who say bad things about other people whether they are true or not.
or being slaves to much wine
A person who cannot control themselves and drinks too much wine is spoken of as if the person were a slave to the wine. This can be stated in active form. AT: "and not drinking too much wine" or "and not addicted to wine" (See: Metaphor and Active or Passive)
so that God's word may not be insulted
"Word" here is a metonym for "message," which in turn is a metonym for God himself. This can be stated in active form. AT: "so that no one insults God's word" or "so that no one insults God by saying bad things about his message" (See: Active or Passive and Metonymy)
translationWords
pure
unfoldingWord translationNotes — © Distant Shores Media and the Door43 World Missions Community, licensed CC BY-SA 4.0. Source: git.door43.org/Door43/en_tn.